Acuity Differences Among Newly Admitted Older Residents in Rural and Urban Nursing Homes.

Background And Objectives: Our primary objective was to assess rural-urban acuity differences among newly admitted older nursing home residents.

Research Design And Methods: Data included the 2015 Minimum Data Set v3.0, the Area Health Resources File, the Provider of Services File, and Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes.

Telehealth Use in a Rural State: A Mixed-Methods Study Using Maine's All-Payer Claims Database.

Purpose: This study assesses trends in telehealth use in Maine-a rural state with comprehensive telehealth policies-across payers, services, and rurality, and identifies barriers and facilitators to the adoption and use of telehealth services.

Methods: Using a mixed-methods approach, researchers analyzed data from Maine's All Payer Claims Database (2008-2016) and key informant interviews with health care organization leaders to examine telehealth use and explore factors impacting telehealth adoption and implementation.

Findings: Despite a 14-fold increase in the use of telehealth over the 9-year study period, use remains low-0.

Long-Term Services and Supports Use Among Older Medicare Beneficiaries in Rural and Urban Areas.

State and federal policies have shifted long-term services and support (LTSS) priorities from nursing home care to home and community-based services (HCBS). It is not clear whether the rural LTSS system reflects this system transformation. Using the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, we examined nursing home use among rural and urban Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older.

Patterns of Telehealth Use Among Rural Medicaid Beneficiaries.

Purpose: Few studies have examined telehealth use among rural Medicaid beneficiaries. This study produced a descriptive overview of telehealth use in 2011, including the prevalence of telehealth use among rural and urban Medicaid beneficiaries, characteristics of telehealth users, types of telehealth services provided, and diagnoses associated with telehealth use.

Methods: Using data from the 2011 Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX), we conducted bivariate analyses to test the associations between rurality and prevalence and patterns of telehealth use among Medicaid beneficiaries.

Safety of Rural Nursing Home-to-Emergency Department Transfers: Improving Communication and Patient Information Sharing Across Settings.

The "siloed" approach to healthcare delivery contributes to communication challenges and to potential patient harm when patients transfer between settings. This article reports on the evaluation of a demonstration in 10 rural communities to improve the safety of nursing facility (NF) transfers to hospital emergency departments by forming interprofessional teams of hospital, emergency medical service, and NF staff to develop and implement tools and protocols for standardizing critical interfacility communication pathways and information sharing. We worked with each of the 10 teams to document current communication processes and information sharing tools and to design, implement, and evaluate strategies/tools to increase effective communication and sharing of patient information across settings.

Health care access and use among the rural uninsured.

The uninsured have poorer access to care and obtain care at greater acuity than those with health insurance; however, the differential impact of being uninsured in rural versus urban areas is largely unknown. Using data from the 2002-2007 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, we examine whether uninsured rural residents have different patterns of health care use than their urban counterparts, and the factors associated with any differences. We find that being uninsured leads to poorer access in both rural and urban areas, yet the rural uninsured are more likely to have a usual source of care and use services than their urban counterparts.

Access to rural mental health services: service use and out-of-pocket costs.

Purpose: To examine rural-urban differences in the use of mental health services (mental health and substance abuse office visits, and mental health prescriptions) and in the out-of-pocket costs paid for these services.

Methods: The pooled 2003 and 2004 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys were used to assess differences in mental health service use by rural and urban residence and average per person mental health expenditures by payer and by service type.

Findings: Study findings reveal a complicated pattern of greater need among rural than urban adults for mental health services, lower rural office-based mental health use and higher rural prescription use, and no rural-urban differences in total or out-of-pocket expenditures for mental health services.

Uninsured rural families.

Context: Although research shows higher uninsured rates among rural versus urban individuals, prior studies are limited because they do not examine coverage across entire rural families.

Purpose: This study uses the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) to compare rural and urban insurance coverage within families, to inform the design of coverage expansions that build on the current rural health insurance system.

Methods: We pooled the 2001 and 2002 MEPS Household Component survey, aggregated to the family level (excluding households with all members 65 and older).

What we know and do not know about tiered provider networks.

In response to continuing concerns about escalating health care costs and poor quality care, many health plans have adopted a strategy called "tiered provider networks." With TPNs, plans provide financial incentives for members to utilize hospitals, primary care physicians, and/or specialist physicians identified as performing especially well in terms of cost-efficient and/or high-quality care. The strategy is relatively new, and little is known about TPN structure, implementation, or operation.

Prioritizing patient safety interventions in small and rural hospitals.

Background: A study was conducted in 2004 to determine if 26 interventions--distributed among nine patient safety areas and as recommended by an expert panel as relevant to rural hospitals--would be validated in terms of relevance and implementability for small and rural facilities.

Methods: The chief executive officers (CEOs) and/or key managers responsible for patient safety activities in a diverse group of 29 small and rural hospitals assessed the potential effectiveness and feasibility of the 26 interventions. Representatives of 25 hospitals participated in structured, follow-up phone discussions.

Out-of-pocket health spending and the rural underinsured.

Multiple studies have documented higher uninsurance rates among rural compared to urban residents, yet the relative adequacy of coverage among rural residents with private health insurance remains unclear. This study estimates underinsurance rates among privately insured rural residents (both adjacent and nonadjacent to urban areas) and the characteristics associated with rural underinsurance. We found that 6 percent of privately insured urban residents were underinsured; the rate increased to 10 percent for rural adjacent and 12 percent for rural nonadjacent residents.

Understanding the impacts of the Medicare Modernization Act: concerns of congressional staff.

Sweeping changes to the Medicare program embodied in the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA), including a new prescription drug benefit, changes in payment policies, and reform of the Medicare managed-care program, have major implications for rural health care. The most efficient mechanism for research to affect policy is to provide policy makers with information on issues about which they have voiced concern. The Rural Policy Research Institute's Health Panel conducted 2 focus groups with 16 congressional staff in September 2004 to identify a set of researchable questions concerning the impact of the MMA on rural health care.

Comparative performance data for critical access hospitals.

Context: Among small rural hospitals, there is a growing recognition of the need to measure and report on the use of resources and the safety and quality of the services provided. Dashboards, clinical value compasses, and balanced scorecards are approaches to performance measurement that have been adopted by many health care organizations. However, there exists very little comparative performance data specific for critical access hospitals.

Assuring rural hospital patient safety: what should be the priorities?

Context: Since reports on patient safety were issued by the Institute of Medicine, a number of interventions have been recommended and standards designed to improve hospital patient safety, including the Leapfrog, evidence-based safety standards. These standards are based on research conducted largely in urban hospitals, and it may not be possible to generalize them to rural hospitals.

Purpose: The absence of rural-relevant patient safety standards and interventions may diminish purchaser and public perceptions of rural hospitals, further undermining the financial stability of rural hospitals.

Patterns of individual health insurance coverage, 1996-2000.

Information about patterns of individual health insurance coverage is limited. Knowledge gaps include the extent to which individual insurance provides transitional versus long-term coverage, and participants' insurance status before and after being covered by an individual plan. In this study we use data from the 1996-2000 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to examine how long the individually insured maintain their coverage; sources of coverage before and after enrolling in an individual health plan; and characteristics of those who rely on individual insurance coverage.

Variations in nursing home discharge rates for urban and rural nursing facility residents with hip fracture.

Context: The more limited availability and use of community-based long-term care services in rural areas may be a factor in higher rates of nursing home use among rural residents.

Purpose: This study examined differences in the rates of nursing home discharge for older adults receiving posthospital care in a nursing facility.

Methods: The study sample was comprised of a cohort of rural and urban residents newly admitted to nursing home care in Maine following surgery for hip fracture.

The impact of rural residence on multiple hospitalizations in nursing facility residents.

Purpose: This study explored issues surrounding hospitalization rates among rural and urban nursing facility (NF) residents.

Design And Methods: Data from the Minimum Data Set (MDS+) collected by states participating in the national Multi-State Case Mix Demonstration were used to assess whether rural NF residents experience higher rates of hospitalization compared with urban residents and to understand the extent that resident, facility, and market/area characteristics contribute to these differences.

Results: Rural NF residents were more likely than urban residents to have multiple hospitalizations.

Patterns of health insurance coverage among rural and urban children.

Despite the potential for the State Children's Health Insurance Program to improve the health care coverage of rural children, the expansion of public health insurance to children in rural areas may be hampered by a lack of understanding about the patterns of insurance coverage they experience. This study uses the Census Bureau's 1993-1996 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation to evaluate differences in the duration of, and in their entry into and exit from, uninsured spells. While the average duration of new spells was shorter for rural children and most regained coverage quickly, rural children were also more likely than urban children to experience protracted spells of uninsurance.

Rural long-term care: what do we need to know to improve policy and programs?

This article examines what is known and what we need to know about rural long-term care populations and the formal and informal service systems that support their long-term care needs. The article provides a framework for identifying some of the critical policy and research questions concerning the financing and delivery of rural long-term care that merit the attention of health services researchers and policymakers. It documents differences in the demographic and health characteristics of the rural and urban elderly and in the availability, organization, and use of health and long-term care services in rural areas that have significant implications for long-term care policy and programs.