Delineating Bovine Milk Derived Microvesicles from Exosomes Using Proteomics.

In the work presented herein, a simple serial-pelleting purification strategy combined with a mass spectrometry-based proteomics analysis was developed as a means of discerning differences in extracellular vesicle (EV) populations found in bovine milk samples. A sequence of ultracentrifugation speeds was used to generate changes in the abundances of EV populations, allowing for the identification of associated proteins. A metric was developed to determine the relative abundances of proteins in large EVs (>200 nm) and small EVs (<200 nm).

Nanoscopic and Functional Characterization of Keratinocyte-Originating Exosomes in the Wound Fluid of Non-Diabetic and Diabetic Chronic Wound Patients.

Exosomes, a class of extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin, play a critical role in paracrine signaling for successful cell-cell crosstalk . However, limitations in our current understanding of these circulating nanoparticles hinder efficient isolation, characterization, and downstream functional analysis of cell-specific exosomes. In this work, we sought to develop a method to isolate and characterize keratinocyte-originated exosomes () from human chronic wound fluid.

Single-chain heteropolymers transport protons selectively and rapidly.

Precise protein sequencing and folding are believed to generate the structure and chemical diversity of natural channels, both of which are essential to synthetically achieve proton transport performance comparable to that seen in natural systems. Geometrically defined channels have been fabricated using peptides, DNAs, carbon nanotubes, sequence-defined polymers and organic frameworks. However, none of these channels rivals the performance observed in their natural counterparts.