Cardiac Output Measurement in Neonates and Children Using Noninvasive Electrical Bioimpedance Compared With Standard Methods: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective: To systematically review and meta-analyze the validity of electrical bioimpedance-based noninvasive cardiac output monitoring in pediatrics compared with standard methods such as thermodilution and echocardiography.

Data Sources: Systematic searches were conducted in MEDLINE and EMBASE (2000-2019).

Study Selection: Method-comparison studies of transthoracic electrical velocimetry or whole body electrical bioimpedance versus standard cardiac output monitoring methods in children (0-18 yr old) were included.