Cancer incidence and mortality in 23 000 patients with type 1 diabetes in the UK: Long-term follow-up.

Type 2 diabetes is associated with raised risk of several cancers, but for type 1 diabetes risk data are fewer and inconsistent We assembled a cohort of 23 473 UK patients with insulin-treated diabetes diagnosed at ages <30, almost all of whom will have had type 1 diabetes, and for comparison 5058 diagnosed at ages 30 to 49, of whom we estimate two-thirds will have had type 2, and followed them for an average of 30 years for cancer incidence and mortality compared with general population rates. Patients aged <30 at diabetes diagnosis had significantly raised risks only for ovarian (standardised incidence ratio = 1.58; 95% confidence interval 1.

A phase 1 study of donor regulatory T-cell infusion plus low-dose interleukin-2 for steroid-refractory chronic graft-vs-host disease.

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) remains a frequent cause of nonrelapse morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Despite recent advances, options for steroid-refractory (SR) cGVHD are limited. In previous trials of low-dose interleukin-2 (LD IL-2), the immunomodulatory properties of regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been harnessed to treat SR-cGVHD safely and effectively.

High affinity protein surface binding through co-engineering of nanoparticles and proteins.

Control over supramolecular recognition between proteins and nanoparticles (NPs) is of fundamental importance in therapeutic applications and sensor development. Most NP-protein binding approaches use 'tags' such as biotin or His-tags to provide high affinity; protein surface recognition provides a versatile alternative strategy. Generating high affinity NP-protein interactions is challenging however, due to dielectric screening at physiological ionic strengths.

Protein Delivery into the Cell Cytosol using Non-Viral Nanocarriers.

Protein delivery into cells is a potentially transformative tool for treating "undruggable" targets in diseases associated with protein deficiencies or mutations. The vast majority of these targets are accessed via the cytosol, a challenging prospect for proteins with therapeutic and diagnostic relevance. In this review we will present promising non-viral approaches for intracellular and ultimately cytosolic delivery of proteins using nanocarriers.

Characterization of inosine-uridine nucleoside hydrolase (RihC) from Escherichia coli.

A non-specific nucleoside hydrolase from Escherichia coli (RihC) has been cloned, overexpressed, and purified to greater than 95% homogeneity. Size exclusion chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis show that the protein exists as a homodimer. The enzyme showed significant activity against the standard ribonucleosides with uridine, xanthosine, and inosine having the greatest activity.

Over-representation of diabetic patients with renal anaemia in the primary care setting.

Unlabelled: AIMS. Anaemia is a complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD); the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) have defined renal anaemia as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and haemoglobin (HB) <11.

Randomised controlled trial of near-patient testing for glycated haemoglobin in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: Tight glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes can lead to a reduction in microvascular and possibly macrovascular complications. The use of near-patient (rapid) testing offers a potential method to improve glycaemic control.

Aim: To assess the effect and costs of rapid testing for glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in people with type 2 diabetes.

Setting up a fast-track insulin start clinic for type 2 diabetes.

When people with established type 2 diabetes first need insulin therapy there is often a delay in accessing services. Since the report of the UK Prospective Diabetes Study was published it has been recognised that people with type 2 diabetes have a progressive disease and a need for increasing treatment. The authors set up a fast-track service to enable GPs and practice nurses to refer to a nurse-led service at the diabetes centre.

Psychosocial and socioeconomic risk factors for premature death in young people with type 1 diabetes.

Objective: Mortality from acute diabetes-related events is greatly raised in young adults with type 1 diabetes. Psychosocial and socioeconomic risk factors are examined for deaths from acute events separately from deaths due to other causes.

Research Design And Methods: This study had a nested case-control design.

An RCT into calculating insulin start dose in type 2 diabetes.

Aims: This trial compares to methods used to find the insulin dose when starting insulin in people with type 2 diabetes in whom maximal tolerated oral hypoglycaemic agents have failed to control glycaemia. One method of initiating insulin (based on height, weight, and fasting blood plasma glucose and insulin resistance) was compared with a conventional method of initiating 10 units of isophane insulin twice daily.

Method: Sixty subjects were randomised to calculated (CALC) or conventional (C).

N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, the toxic metabolite of acetaminophen, is a topoisomerase II poison.

Although acetaminophen is the most widely used analgesic in the world, it is also a leading cause of toxic drug overdoses. Beyond normal therapeutic doses, the drug is hepatotoxic and genotoxic. All of the harmful effects of acetaminophen have been attributed to the production of its toxic metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI).

Mortality from cerebrovascular disease in a cohort of 23 000 patients with insulin-treated diabetes.

Background And Purpose: Disease of the cardiovascular system is the main cause of long-term complications and mortality in patients with type I (insulin-dependent) and type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Cerebrovascular mortality rates have been shown to be raised in patients with type II diabetes but have not previously been reported by age and sex in patients with type I diabetes.

Methods: A cohort of 23 751 patients with insulin-treated diabetes, diagnosed under the age of 30 years from throughout the United Kingdom, was identified during 1972 to 1993 and followed up for mortality until the end of December 2000.