Imaging performance of portable and conventional ultrasound imaging technologies for ophthalmic applications.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the imaging capabilities of Butterfly iQ with conventional ophthalmic (piezoelectric) ultrasound (COU) for ophthalmic imaging.

Methods: Custom phantom molds were designed and imaged with Butterfly iQ and COU to compare spatial resolution capabilities. To evaluate the clinical imaging performance of Butterfly iQ and COU, a survey containing pathological conditions from human subjects, imaged with both Butterfly iQ and COU probes, was given to three retina specialists and graded on image detail, resolution, quality, and diagnostic confidence on a ten-point Likert scale.

Deep Learning Assisted Imaging Methods to Facilitate Access to Ophthalmic Telepathology.

Purpose: To investigate the use of super-resolution imaging techniques to enable telepathology using low-cost commercial cameras.

Design: Experimental study.

Participants: A total of 139 ophthalmic pathology slides obtained from the Ophthalmic Pathology service at the University of California, Irvine.

Genome editing in the treatment of ocular diseases.

Genome-editing technologies have ushered in a new era in gene therapy, providing novel therapeutic strategies for a wide range of diseases, including both genetic and nongenetic ocular diseases. These technologies offer new hope for patients suffering from previously untreatable conditions. The unique anatomical and physiological features of the eye, including its immune-privileged status, size, and compartmentalized structure, provide an optimal environment for the application of these cutting-edge technologies.

Comparison of a custom Photogrammetry for Anatomical CarE (PHACE) system with other Low- Cost Facial Scanning Devices.

Purpose: To compare a custom Photogrammetry for Anatomical CarE (PHACE) system with other cost-effective 3-dimensional (3D) facial scanning systems to objectively characterize morphology and volume of periorbital and adnexal anatomy.

Methods: The imaging systems evaluated include the low-cost custom PHACE system and commercial software product for the iPhone called Scandy Pro (iScandy) application (Scandy, USA), and the mid-priced Einscan Pro 2X (Shining3D Technologies, China) device and Array of Reconstructed Cameras 7 (ARC7) facial scanner (Bellus3D, USA). Imaging was performed on a manikin facemask and humans with various Fitzpatrick scores.

Optimization of a Novel Automated, Low Cost, Three-Dimensional Photogrammetry System (PHACE).

Introduction: Clinical tools are neither standardized nor ubiquitous to monitor volumetric or morphological changes in the periorbital region and ocular adnexa due to pathology such as oculofacial trauma, thyroid eye disease, and the natural aging process. We have developed a low-cost, three dimensionally printed otogrammetry for utomated ar (PHACE) system to evaluate three-dimensional (3D) measurements of periocular and adnexal tissue.

Methods: The PHACE system uses two Google Pixel 3 smartphones attached to automatic rotating platforms to image a subject's face through a cutout board patterned with registration marks.

Vitreoretinal Surgical Instrument Tracking in Three Dimensions Using Deep Learning.

Purpose: To evaluate the potential for artificial intelligence-based video analysis to determine surgical instrument characteristics when moving in the three-dimensional vitreous space.

Methods: We designed and manufactured a model eye in which we recorded choreographed videos of many surgical instruments moving throughout the eye. We labeled each frame of the videos to describe the surgical tool characteristics: tool type, location, depth, and insertional laterality.

Seeing invisible light: 2-photon microperimetry to measure visual function.

Purpose: The accuracy of conventional visual function tests, which emit visible light, decreases in patients with corneal scars, cataracts, and vitreous hemorrhages. In contrast, infrared (IR) light exhibits greater tissue penetrance than visible light and is less susceptible to optical opacities. We therefore compared conventional visual function tests against infrared 2-phton microperimetry (2PM-IR) in a subject with a brunescent nuclear sclerotic and posterior subcapsular cataract before and after cataract surgery.

The Prospects for Retinal Organoids in Treatment of Retinal Diseases.

Retinal degeneration (RD) is a significant cause of incurable blindness worldwide. Photoreceptors and retinal pigmented epithelium are irreversibly damaged in advanced RD. Functional replacement of photoreceptors and/or retinal pigmented epithelium cells is a promising approach to restoring vision.

Feasibility of telemedicine program using a hand-held nonmydriatic retinal camera in Panama.

Aim: To evaluate the image quality of a telemedicine screening program for retinal disease using a nonmydriatic camera among rural island communities in Bocas del Toro, Panama.

Methods: In June 2018, a group of three medical students volunteered at clinics operated by the Floating Doctors in the province of Bocas del Toro, Panama. Non-mydriatic images of the retina were obtained using the Pictor Plus (Volk Optical, Mentor OH), randomized, and sent to two board-certified ophthalmologists at the University of California, Irvine for analysis using a modified version of the FOTO-ED scale.

Direct comparison of circulating tumor DNA sequencing assays with targeted large gene panels.

Next generation sequencing (NGS) assays with large targeted gene panels can comprehensively profile cancer somatic mutations in a tumor sample. Given the rapid adoption of such assays for circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis in clinical oncology, it is essential for the community to understand their analytical performance in liquid biopsy settings. Here, we directly compared five ctDNA NGS assays, most of which having a panel of 400 or more genes, with simulated samples harboring mutations relevant to solid tumors or myeloid malignancy.

Deep learning to enable color vision in the dark.

Humans perceive light in the visible spectrum (400-700 nm). Some night vision systems use infrared light that is not perceptible to humans and the images rendered are transposed to a digital display presenting a monochromatic image in the visible spectrum. We sought to develop an imaging algorithm powered by optimized deep learning architectures whereby infrared spectral illumination of a scene could be used to predict a visible spectrum rendering of the scene as if it were perceived by a human with visible spectrum light.

Treatment of Choroidal Metastasis from Epidermal Growth Factor Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with First-line Osimertinib Therapy.

Purpose: To illustrate the regression of a metastatic lesion through ophthalmic imaging and correlating findings with standard chest imaging and treatment with osimertinib, an oral chemotherapy agent specific to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor + Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (EGFR+ NSCLC).

Case Report: A 63-year-old Asian male presented to ophthalmology with a complaint of left blurry vision. Initial ophthalmic exam revealed a choroidal lesion and imaging results highlighted a spiculated lung mass with brain and bony metastases.

A case report of cystoid macular edema, uveitis and vitreomacular traction in a patient taking Anastrozole.

Purpose: To report a case of cystoid macular edema, uveitis, and vitreomacular traction in a patient with a history of breast cancer and taking anastrozole.

Observations: A 73-year-old female with a history of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer and treatment with anastrozole presented with bilateral blurry vision, photophobia, and eye soreness. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of both maculae revealed vitreomacular traction (VMT), an epiretinal membrane, cystoid macular edema (CME) in the right eye, and drusen without subretinal fluid bilaterally Although later, macular OCT did show evidence of cystoid intraretinal spaces in the left eye as well.

Retinal Organoids Long-Term Functional Characterization Using Two-Photon Fluorescence Lifetime and Hyperspectral Microscopy.

Pluripotent stem cell-derived organoid technologies have opened avenues to preclinical basic science research, drug discovery, and transplantation therapy in organ systems. Stem cell-derived organoids follow a time course similar to species-specific organ gestation . However, heterogeneous tissue yields, and subjective tissue selection reduce the repeatability of organoid-based scientific experiments and clinical studies.

Deep Learning-Assisted Multiphoton Microscopy to Reduce Light Exposure and Expedite Imaging in Tissues With High and Low Light Sensitivity.

Purpose: Two-photon excitation fluorescence (2PEF) reveals information about tissue function. Concerns for phototoxicity demand lower light exposure during imaging. Reducing excitation light reduces the quality of the image by limiting fluorescence emission.

Retinal organoids on-a-chip: a micro-millifluidic bioreactor for long-term organoid maintenance.

Retinal degeneration is a leading cause of vision impairment and blindness worldwide and medical care for advanced disease does not exist. Stem cell-derived retinal organoids (RtOgs) became an emerging tool for tissue replacement therapy. However, existing RtOg production methods are highly heterogeneous.

Quantitative Analysis of Ellipsoid Zone in Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy.

Purpose:: Quantitative end points for uveitis are needed. Here we quantify the rate of ellipsoid zone (EZ) recovery on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and correlate it with visual acuity (VA) improvement in patients with acute posterior multifocal placoid pigmented epitheliopathy (APMPPE). We use automated and manually graded EZ area analysis to assess EZ recovery in APMPPE.

Exposure and Carriage of Pathogenic in Livestock in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands.

From 2019-2020, the Virgin Islands Department of Health (VIDOH) investigated potential animal reservoirs of spp., the pathogenic bacteria that cause leptospirosis. We examined exposure and carriage in livestock on the island of St.

Two-Photon Microperimetry: A Media Opacity-Independent Retinal Function Assay.

Purpose: Compare results obtained using infrared two-photon microperimetry (2PM-IR) with conventional visual function tests in healthy subjects of varying ages with and without simulated media opacities.

Methods: Subjects from two separate cohort studies completed cone contrast threshold (CCT) testing, conventional microperimetry, visible light microperimetry from a novel device (2PM-Vis), and infrared two-photon microperimetry. The first cohort study, which consisted of six healthy volunteers (23 to 29 years of age), evaluated the effects of simulated media opacities on visual performance testing.

Multimodal Imaging in Ocular Siderosis.

Purpose: This report aims to characterize ocular changes in a case of ocular siderosis with iron toxicity using multimodal imaging and electroretinography.

Methods: A 34-year-old woman presented with ocular siderosis of the left eye following penetrating injury with an iron-containing foreign body. The patient's uncorrected visual acuities were 20/60 and 20/150 in the right and left eye, respectively, with abnormal pupillary function and presence of a cataract in the left eye.

Quantifying Color Vision Changes Associated With Cataracts Using Cone Contrast Thresholds.

Purpose: To evaluate effects of age and simulated and real cataractous changes on color vision as measured by the high-definition cone contrast test (CCT).

Methods: Twenty-four healthy volunteers from two cohort studies performed CCT using best-corrected visual acuity, filters, mydriasis, and pinhole correction. Retrospective cross-sectional study of patients seen in eye clinics evaluated the relationship between age and color vision, and age and lens status in 355 eyes.

Functionally Relevant Maculopathy and Optic Atrophy in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1.

Background: Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA-ATXN1) is an inherited progressive ataxia disorder characterized by an adult-onset cerebellar syndrome combined with nonataxia signs. Retinal or optic nerve affection are not systematically described.

Objectives: To describe a retinal phenotype and its functional relevance in SCA-ATXN1.

Transcriptional signatures of participant-derived neural progenitor cells and neurons implicate altered Wnt signaling in Phelan-McDermid syndrome and autism.

Background: Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is a rare genetic disorder with high risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability, and language delay, and is caused by 22q13.3 deletions or mutations in the SHANK3 gene. To date, the molecular and pathway changes resulting from SHANK3 haploinsufficiency in PMS remain poorly understood.

Simultaneously imaging and quantifying mechanical properties of crystalline lens and cornea using optical coherence elastography with acoustic radiation force excitation.

The crystalline lens and cornea comprise the eye's optical system for focusing light in human vision. The changes in biomechanical properties of the lens and cornea are closely associated with common diseases, including presbyopia and cataract. Currently, most elasticity studies of the anterior eye focus on the measurement of the cornea, while lens measurement remains challenging.