Soybean transporter AAT Rhg1 abundance increases along the nematode migration path and impacts vesiculation and ROS.

Rhg1 (Resistance to Heterodera glycines 1) mediates soybean (Glycine max) resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN; H. glycines). Rhg1 is a 4-gene, ∼30-kb block that exhibits copy number variation, and the common PI 88788-type rhg1-b haplotype carries 9 to 10 tandem Rhg1 repeats.

The genome and lifestage-specific transcriptomes of a plant-parasitic nematode and its host reveal susceptibility genes involved in trans-kingdom synthesis of vitamin B5.

Plant-parasitic nematodes are a major threat to crop production in all agricultural systems. The scarcity of classical resistance genes highlights a pressing need to find new ways to develop nematode-resistant germplasm. Here, we sequence and assemble a high-quality phased genome of the model cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii to provide a platform for the first system-wide dual analysis of host and parasite gene expression over time, covering all major parasitism stages.

Exploring Soybean Resistance to Soybean Cyst Nematode.

Resistance to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is a topic incorporating multiple mechanisms and multiple types of science. It is also a topic of substantial agricultural importance, as SCN is estimated to cause more yield damage than any other pathogen of soybean, one of the world's main food crops. Both soybean and SCN have experienced jumps in experimental tractability in the past decade, and significant advances have been made.

Detection of rare nematode resistance Rhg1 haplotypes in Glycine soja and a novel Rhg1 α-SNAP.

This study pursued the hypothesis that wild plant germplasm accessions carrying alleles of interest can be identified using available single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes for particular alleles of other (unlinked) genes that contribute to the trait of interest. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines [HG]) resistance locus Rhg1 is widely used in farmed soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.

Coordinated regulation of plant immunity by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and K63-linked ubiquitination.

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is a posttranslational modification reversibly catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolases (PARGs) and plays a key role in multiple cellular processes. The molecular mechanisms by which PARylation regulates innate immunity remain largely unknown in eukaryotes. Here we show that Arabidopsis UBC13A and UBC13B, the major drivers of lysine 63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitination, directly interact with PARPs/PARGs.

Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance Quantitative Trait Locus Alters the Expression of a γ-SNAP Protein.

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the most economically damaging pathogen of soybean and host resistance is a core management strategy. The SCN resistance quantitative trait locus , introgressed from the wild relative , provides intermediate resistance against nematode populations, including those with increased virulence on the heavily used resistance locus. was previously fine-mapped to a genome interval on chromosome 15.

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor gene therapy as a novel therapeutics for stroke in a mouse model.

Background: Global ischemia is the resulting effect of a cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). Presently there is no effective treatment to address neurological deficits in patients who survived a CPA. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor is a growth factor (G-CSF) with a plethora of beneficial effects, including neuroprotection.

The ( low-copy) nematode resistance source harbors a copia-family retrotransposon within the encoded α-SNAP gene.

Soybean growers widely use the Resistance to 1 () locus to reduce yield losses caused by soybean cyst nematode (SCN). is a tandemly repeated four gene block. Two classes of SCN resistance-conferring haplotypes are recognized: ("Peking-type," low-copy number, three or fewer repeats) and ("PI 88788-type," high-copy number, four or more repeats).

Soybean Resistance Locus Confers Resistance to Multiple Cyst Nematodes in Diverse Plant Species.

Cyst nematodes consistently threaten agricultural production, causing billions of dollars in losses globally. The (resistance to 1) locus of soybean () is the most popular resistance source used against soybean cyst nematodes (). is a complex locus that has multiple repeats of an ≈30-kilobase segment carrying three genes that contribute to resistance.

Agrobacterium-mediated vacuum infiltration and floral dip transformation of rapid-cycling Brassica rapa.

Background: Rapid-cycling Brassica rapa (RCBr), also known as Wisconsin Fast Plants, are small robust plants with a short lifecycle that are widely used in biology teaching. RCBr have been used for decades but there are no published reports of RCBr genetic transformation. Agrobacterium-mediated vacuum infiltration has been used to transform pakchoi (Brassica rapa ssp.

3-Aminobenzamide Blocks MAMP-Induced Callose Deposition Independently of Its Poly(ADPribosyl)ation Inhibiting Activity.

Cell wall reinforcement with callose is a frequent plant response to infection. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a protein post-translational modification mediated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation has well-known roles in DNA damage repair and has more recently been shown to contribute to plant immune responses.

Oxidation of the Cyanobactin Precursor Peptide Is Independent of the Leader Peptide and Operates in a Defined Order.

The five-membered nitrogen plus heteroatom rings known as azolines or in their oxidized form as azoles are very common in natural products and drugs. The oxidation of thiazoline to thiazole in the cyanobactin class of natural products is one of the several important transformations that are known to alter the biological properties of the compound. The ordering of the various chemical reactions that occur during cyanobactin biosynthesis is not fully understood.

An atypical N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor enables the viability of nematode-resistant soybeans.

N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF) and α-soluble NSF attachment protein (α-SNAP) are essential eukaryotic housekeeping proteins that cooperatively function to sustain vesicular trafficking. The "resistance to 1" () locus of soybean () confers resistance to soybean cyst nematode, a highly damaging soybean pest. loci encode repeat copies of atypical α-SNAP proteins that are defective in promoting NSF function and are cytotoxic in certain contexts.

Characterization of the Fast and Promiscuous Macrocyclase from Plant PCY1 Enables the Use of Simple Substrates.

Cyclic ribosomally derived peptides possess diverse bioactivities and are currently of major interest in drug development. However, it can be chemically challenging to synthesize these molecules, hindering the diversification and testing of cyclic peptide leads. Enzymes used in vitro offer a solution to this; however peptide macrocyclization remains the bottleneck.

A transcriptomics approach uncovers novel roles for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in the basal defense response in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Pharmacological inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) or loss of Arabidopsis thaliana PARG1 (poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase) disrupt a subset of plant defenses. In the present study we examined the impact of altered poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation on early gene expression induced by the microbe-associate molecular patterns (MAMPs) flagellin (flg22) and EF-Tu (elf18). Stringent statistical analyses and filtering identified 178 genes having MAMP-induced mRNA abundance patterns that were altered by either PARP inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) or PARG1 knockout.

Pac13 is a Small, Monomeric Dehydratase that Mediates the Formation of the 3'-Deoxy Nucleoside of Pacidamycins.

The uridyl peptide antibiotics (UPAs), of which pacidamycin is a member, have a clinically unexploited mode of action and an unusual assembly. Perhaps the most striking feature of these molecules is the biosynthetically unique 3'-deoxyuridine that they share. This moiety is generated by an unusual, small and monomeric dehydratase, Pac13, which catalyses the dehydration of uridine-5'-aldehyde.

Foundational and Translational Research Opportunities to Improve Plant Health.

Reader Comments | Submit a Comment The white paper reports the deliberations of a workshop focused on biotic challenges to plant health held in Washington, D.C. in September 2016.

Structure of the cyanobactin oxidase ThcOx from Cyanothece sp. PCC 7425, the first structure to be solved at Diamond Light Source beamline I23 by means of S-SAD.

Determination of protein crystal structures requires that the phases are derived independently of the observed measurement of diffraction intensities. Many techniques have been developed to obtain phases, including heavy-atom substitution, molecular replacement and substitution during protein expression of the amino acid methionine with selenomethionine. Although the use of selenium-containing methionine has transformed the experimental determination of phases it is not always possible, either because the variant protein cannot be produced or does not crystallize.

Disease resistance through impairment of α-SNAP-NSF interaction and vesicular trafficking by soybean Rhg1.

α-SNAP [soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) attachment protein] and NSF proteins are conserved across eukaryotes and sustain cellular vesicle trafficking by mediating disassembly and reuse of SNARE protein complexes, which facilitate fusion of vesicles to target membranes. However, certain haplotypes of the Rhg1 (resistance to Heterodera glycines 1) locus of soybean possess multiple repeat copies of an α-SNAP gene (Glyma.18G022500) that encodes atypical amino acids at a highly conserved functional site.

Directed Evolution of FLS2 towards Novel Flagellin Peptide Recognition.

Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are molecules, or domains within molecules, that are conserved across microbial taxa and can be recognized by a plant or animal immune system. Although MAMP receptors have evolved to recognize conserved epitopes, the MAMPs in some microbial species or strains have diverged sufficiently to render them unrecognizable by some host immune systems. In this study, we carried out in vitro evolution of the Arabidopsis thaliana flagellin receptor FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 (FLS2) to isolate derivatives that recognize one or more flagellin peptides from bacteria for which the wild-type Arabidopsis FLS2 confers little or no response.

A Unique Tryptophan C-Prenyltransferase from the Kawaguchipeptin Biosynthetic Pathway.

Cyanobactins are a rapidly growing family of linear and cyclic peptides produced by cyanobacteria. Kawaguchipeptins A and B, two macrocyclic undecapeptides reported earlier from Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-88, are shown to be products of the cyanobactin biosynthetic pathway. The 9 kb kawaguchipeptin (kgp) gene cluster was identified in a 5.