Implementation Strategies Addressing Stakeholder-Perceived Barriers and Enablers to the Establishment of a Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Program: A Qualitative Analysis.

Background: Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of beta-lactam antibiotics (beta-lactams) is increasingly recommended for optimizing antibiotic exposure in intensive care patients with sepsis. However, limited data are available on the implementation of beta-lactam TDM in complex health care settings. Theory-based approaches were used to systematically explore barriers and enablers perceived by key stakeholders in the implementation of beta-lactam TDM in the intensive care unit.