[Surgical practice in the Mexican Empire].

The prehispanic medicines of Mexico are considered as testimony of the splendor of the Meso-American cultures; their great scientific advance and technical allowed them to accumulate a vast collection of clinical and pathological data based on the observation and experimentation. They integrated a nomenclature medical surgical that reflected their advance in those fields of the knowledge, where the anatomy and surgery occupied a preponderant paper. The medicine was known generically as ticiotl, of where it derives the term tícitl for the doctor.

[Penile calciphylaxis: case report and literature review].

Background: Calciphylaxis is a serious condition characterized by ischemic ulceration of the skin and necrosis secondary to dystrophic calcification of the subcutaneous tissue and small arteries. It affects primarily patients with end-stage renal disease with prevalence up to 4%. However, penile calciphylaxis has been reported in only 37 cases in the international literature.

[Distinguished doctors of the University of Padua and their works: 16th to 18th centuries].

Italian universities have been distinguished since their beginnings, within different specialties. One of them, if not the most important, is the teaching of medicine. One of the leaders is the University of Padua, founded in 1222, establishing itself as the second most important institution after the University of Bologna.

[Foundation and organization of the University of Bologna from the XII century to the Renaissance].

The University of Bologna was founded in 1150 and was the first European University to establish this educational trend. The combination of structured teaching and student associations marked the origin of the studium generale. The presence of teaching legists encouraged teachers in others fields to come to Bologna.

[Tagliacozzi: not just a plastic surgeon].

Gaspare Tagliacozzi is known because of his great contributions to plastic surgery. He is considered a pioneer in the field, which has had more influence in his career than his other transcendental activity as a surgery and anatomy teacher in Bologna for almost 30 years. The aim of the present manuscript is to analyze his teaching activities which were equally important for us, and to recreate, with pictorial means, three unpublished historic moments in the life of this great man of science.

[Teaching of medicine of the University of Bologna in the Reinaissance].

The foundation date of the University of Bologna was 1150, was the first European University and set the pattern. The combination of structured teaching and students association marked the origin of the studium generale. The presence of teaching legists encouraged teachers in others fields to come to Bologna.

[Maffucci's syndrome. Case reports and literature review].

Maffucci syndrome is a rare, congenital disease, which is associated with the appearance of multiple enchondromas (possibility of malignant transformation in 20 to 100%), soft tissue hemangiomas and other mesenchymatous injuries. Case 1 is a 33-year-old female who presented with multiple nodules predominantly in upper extremities. Upon examination, there was deformity in articulation and nodules on the hands, which were soft and moveable.

[Surgery and anatomy in the Renaissance].

The interest in the physical perfection and the corporal forms brings as a result the creation of new anatomical studies. The anatomical knowledge progressed in the second half of the XV century, conceiving the knowledge of the human body as a basic reality of Medicine. One of the greater contributions of the Italian Universities to medicine was the teaching of anatomy.

[Contributions of Herodotus to surgery within the historiographic analysis of his Histories].

During the splendor of Athens, Herodotus of Helicarnasus develops his life and work in the V century B.C. that led him to be considered the father of history.