Design of structured H flight controllers: Passive fault-tolerant versus observer-based structures.

This article presents the structured H design and validation of two types of flight controller architectures: a passive fault-tolerant controller for the longitudinal motion and an active observer-based fault-tolerant controller for the lateral-directional motion. In the first, the controller follows the conventional Stability/Control Augmentation System (SCAS) structure, and its gains are obtained in continuous-time with the hinfstruct command by considering a set of elevator Loss-Of-Efficiency (LOE) faults. For the second, the conventional Luenberger observer-based controller structure is used, and the design aims to monitor the health of the aileron and rudder actuators in addition to provide active tolerance against LOE faults.

Identification of human haploinsufficient genes and their genomic proximity to segmental duplications.

Despite the significance of haploinsufficiency in human disease, no systematic study has been reported into the types of genes that are haploinsufficient in human, or into the mechanisms that commonly lead to their deletion and to the expression of the haploinsufficient phenotype. We have applied a rigorous text-searching and database-mining strategy to extract, as comprehensively as possible, from PubMed and OMIM an annotated list of currently known human haploinsufficient genes, including their functions and associated diseases. Gene-set enrichment analysis shows that genes-encoding transcription factors, and genes that function in development, the cell cycle, and nucleic acid metabolism are overrepresented among haploinsufficient genes in human.