Tentative Identification of Etazene (Etodesnitazene) Metabolites in Rat Serum and Urine by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Accurate Mass Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

2-Benzylbenzimidazole derivatives comprise a small but forensically significant group of synthetic opioids. In humans, the metabolism of some members of this group is extensive, with little or none of the parent compound remaining. The recent detection of the 2-benzylbenzimidazole derivative, etazene (etodesnitazene), in products seized in Russia required the detection of its metabolites in biofluids for forensic toxicology purposes.

Detection of ADB-BUTINACA Metabolites in Human Urine, Blood, Kidney and Liver.

The N-butyl indazole derivative, N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-butyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-BUTINACA or ADB-BINACA), currently a drug of abuse in Russia, is reported to have a cannabinoid receptor potency and efficacy almost three times higher than JWH-018. ADB-BUTINACA was detected in blood from patients with suspected drug intoxications, as well as in blood, kidney and liver samples collected during postmortem investigations. Using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry, a number of ADB-BUTINACA metabolites were tentatively identified in urine samples.

Tentative identification of the phase I and II metabolites of two synthetic cathinones, MDPHP and α-PBP, in human urine.

Cathinone derivatives are one of the more prominent groups of new psychoactive substances in terms of the number of forensic case reports and the variety of chemical structures available. These substances often sold as "bath salts" are classified as psychostimulants. Using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, the metabolites of two pyrrolidine cathinone derivatives, α-PBP and the less common MDPHP, were tentatively identified in urine samples collected from patients admitted to hospital following drug intoxications.

Tentative identification of the metabolites of (1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone, and the product of its thermal degradation, by in vitro and in vivo methods.

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), mimicking the psychoactive effects of cannabis, consist of a vast array of structurally diverse compounds. A novel compound belonging to the SC family, (1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone (named TMCP-CHM in this article) contains a cyclopropane ring that isomerizes during the smoking process, resulting in a ring-opened thermal degradant with a terminal double bond in its structure. Metabolites of TMCP-CHM were tentatively identified in vitro (after incubation of the parent substance with S9 pooled human liver fraction) and in vivo (rat experimental model) studies by accurate-mass liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Detection and tentative identification of urinary phase I metabolites of phenylacetylindole cannabimimetics JWH-203 and JWH-251, by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS.

The synthetic phenylacetylindole cannabimimetics, JWH-203 and JWH-251, have been identified in 'herbal' smoking mixtures following the widespread legislative control of 'first generation' compounds such as JWH-018 and CP47, 497(C8). N-Alkylindole cannabimimetics (including phenylacetylindoles) undergo extensive metabolism and little or none of the parent compounds are found in urine. Utilizing GC-MS and LC-MS/MS, a series of JWH-203 and JWH-251 urinary metabolites have been tentatively identified.

Gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry detection of the urinary metabolites of UR-144 and its major pyrolysis product.

Studies on the pyrolysis of the synthetic cannabinoid agonist UR-144 ((1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone) have shown that its major pyrolysis product is a tetramethylcyclopropane ring-opened alkene. Considering that smoking is a common way of ingesting synthetic cannabimimetics, the presence of the metabolites of this pyrolysis product would be expected in biological fluids. Using GC-MS and LC-MS-MS methods, a series of phase I metabolites of UR-144 and its pyrolysis product were detected in the urine samples from patients admitted to hospital with suspected drug intoxication.

UR-144 in products sold via the Internet: identification of related compounds and characterization of pyrolysis products.

The synthetic cannabinoid, UR-144 ((1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone), was identified in commercial 'legal high' products (herbal, resin, and powder). Along with this, six related compounds were detected. The most abundant one (2.

The identification of the urinary metabolites of 3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-1-pentylindole (RCS-4), a novel cannabimimetic, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

3-(4-Methoxybenzoyl)-1-pentylindole (RCS-4), a synthetic indole-derived cannabimimetic, was first reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction via the Early Warning System by Hungarian authorities in 2010 and later identified in head shop test purchases in Ireland. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we have identified a series of RCS-4 metabolites in urine samples from individuals admitted to hospitals with symptoms of drug intoxication. The metabolites were tentatively identified as products of (i) aromatic monohydroxylation; (ii) dihydroxylation; (iii) aromatic hydroxylation/oxidation of the N-pentyl chain to a ketone; (iv) O-demethylation; (v) O-demethylation/monohydroxylation of N-pentyl chain; (vi) O-demethylation/oxidation of the N-pentyl chain to a ketone; (vii) O-demethylation/aromatic hydroxylation/oxidation of the N-pentyl chain to a ketone; (viii) N-depentylation/aromatic monohydroxylation; and (ix) N and O-dealkylation.

The detection of the urinary metabolites of 1-[(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(2-iodophenyl)methanone (AM-694), a high affinity cannabimimetic, by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry.

AM-694 (1-[(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(2-iodophenyl)methanone), a synthetic indole-based cannabimimetic, was first reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) via the Early Warning System (EWS) by Irish authorities in 2010. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we have identified six AM-694 metabolites in post-ingestion samples. The metabolites were tentatively identified as products of (1) hydrolytic defluorination, (2) carboxylation, (3) monohydroxylation of N-alkyl chain, and (4) hydrolytic defluorination combined with monohydroxylation of N-alkyl chain.

The detection of the urinary metabolites of 3-[(adamantan-1-yl)carbonyl]-1-pentylindole (AB-001), a novel cannabimimetic, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

3-[(Adamantan-1-yl)carbonyl]-1-pentylindole (AB-001), a synthetic cannabimimetic, was identified in head shop products in Ireland in 2010. German authorities also reported it to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) via the Early Warning System (EWS) in 2011. As indole-derived cannabimimetics, such as JWH-018, JWH-073, and JWH-250, undergo extensive metabolism, it was expected that AB-001 would behave similarly.

Gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry studies on the metabolism of the synthetic phenylacetylindole cannabimimetic JWH-250, the psychoactive component of smoking mixtures.

Prohibition of some synthetic cannabimimetics (e.g., JWH-018, JWH-073 and CP 47497) in a number of countries has led to a rise in new compounds in herbal mixtures that create marijuana-like psychotropic effects when smoked.

Chromatography-mass spectrometry studies on the metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and JWH-073, psychoactive components of smoking mixtures.

The Russian Federation prohibited the distribution of herbal mixtures with synthetic aminoalkylindoles JWH-018 and JWH-073, agonist cannabinoid receptors, on January 22, 2010. The lack or low content of their native compounds in urine requires detailed identification of their metabolites, which are excreted with urine and are present in blood. Using gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we identified a series of metabolites in urine samples from humans and rats that were products of the following reactions: (a) mono- and dihydroxylation of the parent compounds with hydroxyl groups located at aromatic and aliphatic residues, (b) carboxylation, (c) N-dealkylation and (d) N-dealkylation and hydroxylation.