Cent Eur J Public Health
December 2023
Lichens are symbiotic organisms with an extraordinary capability to colonise areas of extreme climate and heavily contaminated sites, such as metal-rich habitats. Lichens have developed several mechanisms to overcome the toxicity of metals, including the ability to bind metal cations to extracellular sites of symbiotic partners and to subsequently form oxalates. Calcium is an essential alkaline earth element that is important in various cell processes.
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