Angiotensin II type 1/adenosine A receptor oligomers: a novel target for tardive dyskinesia.

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a serious motor side effect that may appear after long-term treatment with neuroleptics and mostly mediated by dopamine D receptors (DRs). Striatal DR functioning may be finely regulated by either adenosine A receptor (AR) or angiotensin receptor type 1 (ATR) through putative receptor heteromers. Here, we examined whether AR and ATR may oligomerize in the striatum to synergistically modulate dopaminergic transmission.

Agmatine attenuates reserpine-induced oral dyskinesia in mice: Role of oxidative stress, nitric oxide and glutamate NMDA receptors.

Dyskinesia consists in a series of trunk, limbs and orofacial involuntary movements that can be observed following long-term pharmacological treatment in some psychotic and neurological disorders such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease, respectively. Agmatine is an endogenous arginine metabolite that emerges as neuromodulator and a promising agent to manage diverse central nervous system disorders by modulating nitric oxide (NO) pathway, glutamate NMDA receptors and oxidative stress. Herein, we investigated the effects of a single intraperitoneal (i.