A dangerous method? The German discourse on hypnotic suggestion therapy around 1900.

In the late nineteenth century, German-speaking physicians and psychiatrists intensely debated the benefits and risks of treatment by hypnotic suggestion. While practitioners of the method sought to provide convincing evidence for its therapeutic efficacy in many medical conditions, especially nervous disorders, critics pointed to dangerous side effects, including the triggering of hysterical attacks or deterioration of nervous symptoms. Other critics claimed that patients merely simulated hypnotic phenomena in order to appease their therapist.

The powers of suggestion: Albert Moll and the debate on hypnosis.

The Berlin physician Albert Moll (1862-1939) was an advocate of hypnotic suggestion therapy and a prolific contributor to the medical, legal and public discussions on hypnotism from the 1880s to the 1920s. While his work in other areas, such as sexology, medical ethics and parapsychology, has recently attracted scholarly attention, this paper for the first time comprehensively examines Moll's numerous publications on hypnotism and places them in their contemporary context. It covers controversies over the therapeutic application of hypnosis, the reception of Moll's monograph Der Hypnotismus (1889), his research on the rapport between hypnotizer and subject, his role as an expert on 'hypnotic crime', and his views on the historical influence of hypnotism on the development of psychotherapy.

'God's ethicist': Albert Moll and his medical ethics in theory and practice.

In 1902, Albert Moll, who at that time ran a private practice for nervous diseases in Berlin, published his comprehensive book on medical ethics, Ärztliche Ethik. Based on the concept of a contractual relationship between doctor and client, it gave more room to the self-determination of patients than the contemporary, usually rather paternalistic, works of this genre. In the first part of the present paper this is illustrated by examining Moll's views and advice on matters such as truthfulness towards patients, euthanasia, and abortion.

Ambiguous cells: the emergence of the stem cell concept in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

This paper elucidates the origins of scientific work on stem cells. From the late nineteenth century onwards, the notion of stem cells became customary in scientific communities of Imperial Germany. Adopting the term Stammzelle from Ernst Haeckel, Theodor Boveri was influential in introducing the concept in embryological studies and early genetics around 1900, describing a capacity of stem cells for self-renewal as well as differentiation.

'Patient trade' in Germany: an ethical issue at the practitioner--clinician interface in 1909 and 2009.

In 2009 the German media featured the so-called 'patient trade' scandal. Offending against the rules of the professional code for German doctors, some medical practitioners had accepted bonus payments from specific hospitals for referring patients to them. This article discusses a historical precedent for this scandal, the patient trade affair of 1909, in which several medical professors of the Berlin university clinics were accused of having paid agents for bringing them lucrative private patients.

Medical confidentiality in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: an Anglo-German comparison.

Professional secrecy of doctors became an issue of considerable medico-legal and political debate in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in both Germany and England, although the legal preconditions for this debate were quite different in the two countries. While in Germany medical confidentiality was a legal obligation and granted in court, no such statutory recognition of doctors' professional secrecy existed in England. This paper is a comparative analysis of medical secrecy in three key areas--divorce trials, venereal disease and abortion--in both countries.

A binding question: the evolution of the receptor concept.

In present-day pharmacology and medicine, it is usually taken for granted that cells contain a host of highly specific receptors. These are defined as proteins on or within the cell that bind with specificity to particular drugs, chemical messenger substances or hormones and mediate their effects on the body. However, it is only relatively recently that the notion of drug-specific receptors has become widely accepted, with considerable doubts being expressed about their existence as late as the 1960s.

The quantification and differentiation of the drug receptor theory, c. 1910-1960.

While historians have dealt with the origins of the concept of drug receptors in the work of Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) and John N. Langley (1852-1925) as well as with some of its applications in modern pharmaceutical research, the history of the receptor theory as such has been neglected. Discussing major developments and conceptual changes in receptor theory between about 1910 and 1960 (including relevant contributions by A.

[Medical intervention and assault: On the legal foundations of informed consent in German surgery, 1892-1940].

The recent historiography of informed consent in German medicine has chiefly focused on the issue of consent to human experimentation. This paper widens the historical perspective by demonstrating that the foundations of the concept of informed consent to surgery were laid in German law around 1900. From the 1890s onwards a debate about the legal basis of surgical operations developed in response to cases of medical intervention without full consent.

[Historical foundations of the receptor concept in pharmacology].

In present-day pharmacology, the existence of specific cell receptors, which can combine chemically with drugs, poisons, neurotransmitters and hormones, is often taken for granted. However, until the 1960s receptors were controversial hypothetical entities. This article examines the initial experimental evidence for receptors that was produced and discussed between the 1870s and the 1930s.

The emergence of the drug receptor theory.

Today, the concept of specific receptors for drugs and transmitters lies at the very heart of pharmacology. Less than one hundred years ago, this novel idea met with considerable resistance in the scientific community. To mark the 150th anniversary of the birth of John Newport Langley, one of the founders of the receptor concept, we highlight his most important observations, and those of Paul Ehrlich and Alfred Joseph Clark, who similarly helped to establish the receptor theory of drug action.