Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 by type I and type III interferons.

The recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the devastating COVID-19 lung disease pandemic. Here, we tested the inhibitory activities of the antiviral interferons of type I (IFN-α) and type III (IFN-λ) against SARS-CoV-2 and compared them with those against SARS-CoV-1, which emerged in 2003. Using two mammalian epithelial cell lines (human Calu-3 and simian Vero E6), we found that both IFNs dose-dependently inhibit SARS-CoV-2.

Seasonal Occurrence and Carbapenem Susceptibility of Bovine in Germany.

is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections in humans. To investigate its prevalence, distribution of sequence types (STs), and antimicrobial resistance in cattle, we sampled 422 cattle, including 280 dairy cows, 59 beef cattle, and 83 calves over a 14-month period. Metadata, such as the previous use of antimicrobial agents and feeding, were collected to identify putative determining factors.

Solvent modulation strategy for superior antibody monomer/aggregate separation in cation exchange chromatography.

Cation exchange chromatography (CEX) is an integral part of many downstream processes for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, in some cases CEX methods with standard mobile phase conditions do not lead to a sufficient removal of soluble antibody aggregates. The addition of neutral polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the mobile phase can improve the separation of proteins in IEC remarkably.

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the normal canine brain.

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) MRI has been primarily reported as a method for diagnosing cerebrovascular disease in veterinary patients. In humans, clinical applications for diffusion-weighted MRI have also included epilepsy, Alzheimer's, and Creutzfeld-Jakob disease. Before these applications can be developed in veterinary patients, more data on brain diffusion characteristics are needed.

Mechanism of improved antibody aggregate separation in polyethylene glycol-modulated cation exchange chromatography.

Ion-exchange chromatography is used in biopharmaceutical downstream processes to reduce product-related impurity levels. Because protein aggregate levels can be considered as a critical quality attribute, the removal of aggregated protein species is of primary importance. The addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the mobile phase in ion-exchange chromatography was found to significantly improve the chromatographic separation of monomers from aggregates.

Separation of fast from slow anabolism by site-specific PEGylation of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I).

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has important anabolic and homeostatic functions in tissues like skeletal muscle, and a decline in circulating levels is linked with catabolic conditions. Whereas IGF-I therapies for musculoskeletal disorders have been postulated, dosing issues and disruptions of the homeostasis have so far precluded clinical application. We have developed a novel IGF-I variant by site-specific addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to lysine 68 (PEG-IGF-I).

Opposing functions of GDNF and NGF in the development of cholinergic and noradrenergic sympathetic neurons.

We identified a population of mature sympathetic neurons in which Ret, the receptor for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), is coexpressed with the neurotrophin-3 (NT3) receptor TrkC and choline acetyltransferase. In a complementary population the nerve growth factor receptor TrkA is coexpressed with the norepinephrine transporter. In accordance with these in vivo results, GDNF and neurturin promote the expression of cholinergic marker genes in sympathetic chain explants, similar to NT3 and ciliary neuronotrophic factor (CNTF).