Evaluation of the INNOVANCE PFA P2Y test cartridge: sensitivity to P2Y(12) blockade and influence of anticoagulant.

Monitoring of platelet ADP receptor P2Y(12) inhibition may be performed by a variety of platelet function assays. Given the lack of sensitivity of the existing PFA-100® cartridge formulations to detect P2Y(12) inhibition, a new cartridge for the PFA-100 (INNOVANCE® PFA P2Y) has recently been developed. The performance of the new PFA-100 test cartridge was compared with standard collagen/ADP (CADP) and collagen/epinephrine (CEPI) cartridges, light transmission aggregometry, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, the VerifyNow® P2Y(12) assay and multiple electrode aggregometry.

The new INNOVANCE® PFA P2Y cartridge is sensitive to the detection of the P2Y₁₂ receptor inhibition.

Insufficient response on antiplatelet medication has become an intensively discussed issue because of the risk factor of recurrent adverse cardiovascular events. However, the monitoring of antiplatelet therapy requires appropriate, robust and reliable test methods. For the measurement of thienopyridine effects, the manufacturer of the PFA-100® System provides the INNOVANCE® PFA P2Y * cartridge.

Anthocyanins and colonic metabolites of dietary polyphenols inhibit platelet function.

Maintenance and achievement of an optimal platelet function by dietary solutions might be considered an interesting target to influence cardiovascular health. Polyphenol-rich foods such as vegetables and fruits have been shown to significantly improve platelet function in ex vivo studies in humans. However, until yet, it still remains unclear if polyphenols itself, their metabolites or a mixture of both are responsible for the beneficial effects observed so far.

Colonic metabolism of dietary polyphenols: influence of structure on microbial fermentation products.

The metabolism of chlorogenic acid, naringin, and rutin, representative members of three common families of dietary polyphenols, the hydroxycinnamates, the flavanones, and the flavonols, respectively, was studied in an in vitro mixed culture model of the human colonic microflora. Time- and concentration-dependent degradation of all three compounds was observed, which was associated with the following metabolic events after cleavage of the ester or glycosidic bond: reduction of the aliphatic double bond of the resulting hydroxycinnamate caffeic acid residue; dehydroxylation and ring fission of the heterocyclic C-ring of the resulting deglycosylated flavanone, naringenin, and of the deglycosylated flavonol, quercetin (which differed depending on the substitution). The metabolic events, their sequences, and major phenolic end products, as identified by GC-MS or LC-MS/MS, were elucidated from the structural characteristics of the investigated compounds.

The metabolism of dietary polyphenols and the relevance to circulating levels of conjugated metabolites.

Berry extracts rich in anthocyanins have been linked to protective effects including the modulation of age-related neurological dysfunction and the improvement of the resistance of red blood cells against oxidative stress in vitro. In this study the bioavailability, metabolism and elimination of polyphenols from blackcurrant juice, rich in anthocyanins, flavonols, and hydroxycinnamates, were investigated. The four major native anthocyanidin glycosides of blackcurrant juice, delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside, were detected and identified in low amounts by HPLC and LC-MS in plasma and urine post-ingestion.

Uptake and metabolism of epicatechin and its access to the brain after oral ingestion.

Epicatechin is a flavan-3-ol that is commonly present in green teas, red wine, cocoa products, and many fruits, such as apples. There is considerable interest in the bioavailability of epicatechin after oral ingestion. In vivo studies have shown that low levels of epicatechin are absorbed and found in the circulation as glucuronides, methylated and sulfated forms.

The metabolic fate of dietary polyphenols in humans.

Dietary polyphenols are widely considered to contribute to health benefits in humans. However, little is yet known concerning their bioactive forms in vivo and the mechanisms by which they may contribute toward disease prevention. Although many studies are focusing on the bioavailability of polyphenols through studying their uptake and the excretion of their conjugated forms, few are emphasizing the occurrence of metabolites in vivo formed via degradation by the enzymes of colonic bacteria and subsequent absorption.