Carcinoembryonic Antigen Expression in Human Tumors: A Tissue Microarray Study on 13,725 Tumors.

Background/objectives: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a cell-surface glycoprotein serving as a drug target, diagnostic marker, and serum marker for cancer monitoring. However, prevalence data on CEA expression in cancer tissues vary considerably. This study was designed to determine CEA expression in normal and neoplastic tissues.

Prevalence and clinical significance of Claudin-3 expression in cancer: a tissue microarray study on 14,966 tumor samples.

Background: Claudin-3 (CLDN3) participates in the formation of the tight-junctions (TJs) that regulate intercellular permeability. Altered CLDN3 expression has been linked to tumor progression in multiple tumor types. Despite its widespread expression in normal epithelial cells, CLDN3 is considered an attractive drug target candidate, since it may be more accessible in cancer cells than in normal cells due to their less orchestrated cell growth.

PAX6 is a useful marker for pancreatic origin of neuroendocrine neoplasms: A tissue microarray study evaluating more than 19,000 tumors from 150 different tumor types.

PAX6 immunohistochemistry (IHC) was proposed as a tool to identify a pancreatic origin of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). To evaluate the diagnostic utility of PAX6 IHC, a tissue microarray containing 19,214 samples from 150 tumor types was analyzed. Data on progesterone receptor (PR) and glutamate decarboxylase 2 (GAD2) expression were available from previous studies.

Expression of Trefoil Factor 1 (TFF1) in Cancer: A Tissue Microarray Study Involving 18,878 Tumors.

Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) plays a role in the mucus barrier. To evaluate the prevalence of TFF1 expression in cancer, a tissue microarray containing 18,878 samples from 149 tumor types and 608 samples of 76 normal tissue types was analyzed through immunohistochemistry (IHC). TFF1 staining was detectable in 65 of 149 tumor categories.

PAX8 expression in cancerous and non-neoplastic tissue: a tissue microarray study on more than 17,000 tumors from 149 different tumor entities.

PAX8 plays a role in development of the thyroid, kidney, and the Wolffian and Mullerian tract. In surgical pathology, PAX8 immunohistochemistry is used to determine tumors of renal and ovarian origin, but data on its expression in other tumors are conflicting. To evaluate PAX8 expression in normal and tumor tissues, a tissue microarray containing 17,386 samples from 149 different tumor types and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.

Stimulator of Interferon Genes Protein (STING) Expression in Cancer Cells: A Tissue Microarray Study Evaluating More than 18,000 Tumors from 139 Different Tumor Entities.

Stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING) activates the immune response in inflammatory cells. STING expression in cancer cells is less well characterized, but STING agonists are currently being evaluated as anticancer drugs. A tissue microarray containing 18,001 samples from 139 different tumor types was analyzed for STING by immunohistochemistry.

Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) Expression in Human Tumors: A Comparison with Pan-Cytokeratin and TROP2 in 14,832 Tumors.

EpCAM is expressed in many epithelial tumors and is used for the distinction of malignant mesotheliomas from adenocarcinomas and as a surrogate pan-epithelial marker. A tissue microarray containing 14,832 samples from 120 different tumor categories was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. EpCAM staining was compared with TROP2 and CKpan.

Staining pattern of specific and cross-reacting Melan-A antibodies: A comparative study on 15,840 samples from 133 human tumor types.

The Melan-A (melanocyte antigen) protein, also termed 'melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1' (MART-1) is a protein with unknown function whose expression is specific for the melanocyte lineage. Antibodies against Melan-A are thus used for identifying melanocytic tumors, but some Melan-A antibodies show an additional - diagnostically useful - cross-reactivity against an unspecified protein involved in corticosteroid hormone synthesis. To comprehensively compare the staining patterns of a specific and a cross-reactive Melan-A antibody in normal and neoplastic tissues, tissue microarrays containing 15,840 samples from 133 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry.

Cadherin-17 (CDH17) expression in human cancer: A tissue microarray study on 18,131 tumors.

Cadherin-17 (CDH17) is a membranous cell adhesion protein predominantly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells. CDH17 is therefore considered a possible diagnostic and therapeutic target. This study was to comprehensively determine the expression of CDH17 in cancer and to further assess the diagnostic utility of CDH17 immunohistochemistry (IHC).

Prostein expression in human tumors: a tissue microarray study on 19,202 tumors from 152 different Tumor entities.

Background: Prostein (P501S), also termed solute carrier family 45 member 3 (SLC45A3) is an androgen regulated protein which is preferentially expressed in prostate epithelial cells. Because of its frequent expression in prostate cancer, prostein was suggested a diagnostic prostate cancer marker.

Methods: In order to comprehensively assess the diagnostic utility of prostein immunohistochemistry, a tissue microarray containing 19,202 samples from 152 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.

Elemental Bioimaging of Sheep Bone and Articular Cartilage After Single Application of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents.

Background: Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are applied to enhance magnetic resonance imaging. Gadolinium (Gd), a rare earth metal, is used in a chelated form when administered as GBCA to patients. There is an ongoing scientific debate about the clinical significance of Gd retention in tissues after administration of GBCAs.

Cadherin-16 (CDH16) immunohistochemistry: a useful diagnostic tool for renal cell carcinoma and papillary carcinomas of the thyroid.

Cadherin-16 (CDH16) plays a role in the embryonal development in kidney and thyroid. Downregulation of CDH16 RNA was found in papillary carcinomas of the thyroid. To determine the expression of CDH16 in tumors and to assess the diagnostic utility a tissue microarray containing 15,584 samples from 152 different tumor types as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed.

CELA3B immunostaining is a highly specific marker for acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas.

Chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 3B (CELA3B, elastase-3B) is a pancreatic enzyme with digestive function in the intestine. Since RNA analyses of normal tissues suggest that CELA3B expression is limited to the pancreas, the potential diagnostic utility of CELA3B immunohistochemistry for the distinction of pancreatic from extrapancreatic cancers and in the distinction of acinar cell carcinoma from ductal adenocarcinoma was assessed. CELA3B expression was successfully analyzed in 13,223 tumor samples from 132 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 8 samples each of 76 different normal tissue types by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format (TMA).

Pattern of MUC6 expression across 119 different tumor types: A tissue microarray study on 15 412 tumors.

Mucin 6 (MUC6) is a secreted gel-forming mucin covering the surfaces of gastrointestinal and other tissues. Published work demonstrates that MUC6 can also be expressed in several cancer types and can aid in the distinction of different tumor entities. To systematically analyze MUC6 expression in normal and cancerous tissues, a tissue microarray containing 15 412 samples from 119 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.

Mammaglobin-A Expression Is Highly Specific for Tumors Derived from the Breast, the Female Genital Tract, and the Salivary Gland.

Human mammaglobin-A (SCGB2A2) is a secretory protein with an unknown function that is used as a diagnostic marker for breast cancer. However, other tumors can also express mammaglobin-A. To comprehensively study patterns of mammaglobin-A expression, a tissue microarray containing 16,328 samples from 128 different tumor types as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed using immunohistochemistry.

BLEACH&STAIN 15-marker Multiplexed Imaging in 3,098 Human Carcinomas Reveals Six Major PD-L1-driven Immune Phenotypes with Distinct Spatial Orchestration.

Unlabelled: Multiplex fluorescence IHC (mfIHC) approaches were yet either limited to six markers or limited to a small tissue size that hampers translational studies on large tissue microarray cohorts. Here we have developed a BLEACH&STAIN mfIHC method that enabled the simultaneous analysis of 15 biomarkers (PD-L1, PD-1, CTLA-4, panCK, CD68, CD163, CD11c, iNOS, CD3, CD8, CD4, FOXP3, CD20, Ki67, and CD31) in 3,098 tumor samples from 44 different carcinoma entities within one week. To facilitate automated immune checkpoint quantification on tumor and immune cells and study its spatial interplay an artificial intelligence-based framework incorporating 17 different deep-learning systems was established.

Nonredundant Upregulation of CD112R (PVRIG) and PD-1 on Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Located in T Cell Nests of Colorectal Cancer.

Focal T lymphocyte aggregates commonly occur in colorectal cancer; however, their biological significance is unknown. To study focal aggregates of T lymphocytes, a deep learning-based framework for automated identification of T cell accumulations (T cell nests) was developed using CD8, PD-1, CD112R, and Ki67 multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry. To evaluate the clinical significance of these parameters, a cohort of 523 colorectal cancers with clinical follow-up data was analyzed.

PD-L1 expression and CD8 positive lymphocytes in human neoplasms: A tissue microarray study on 11,838 tumor samples.

Background: Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is the target of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies in a growing number of tumor types, but a unanimous picture on PD-L1 expression across cancer types is lacking.

Materials And Methods: We analyzed immunohistochemical PD-L1 expression in 11,838 samples from 118 human tumor types and its relationship with tumor infiltrating CD8 positive lymphocytes.

Results: At a cut-off level of 10% positive tumor cells, PD-L1 positivity was seen in 85 of 118 (72%) tumor types, including thymoma (100% positive), Hodgkin's lymphoma (93%), anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (76%), Kaposi sarcoma (71%), sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma (71%), and squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (67%), cervix (65%), floor of the mouth (61%), the lung (53%), and pharynx (50%).

The diagnostic accuracy of 332 incisional biopsies in patients with malignant tumors in the musculoskeletal system.

Background: It is known that specimen collection followed by histopathological workup is the core of evidence-based medical therapy of musculoskeletal tumors. There exist many controversies about how a biopsy should be performed. While some centers recommend minimal invasive biopsy procedures, mostly the core needle biopsy (CNB), others prefer the incisional biopsy.