Risk Factors for Dropping Out of Neurosurgical Residency Programs-A Survey Study.

Background: Resident education has to adapt to a changing health care environment. Although aspects such as working hours and attrition rates have been studied in detail, data about the residents' perspective, especially in European countries, are underrepresented in the scientific literature. The aim of this study was to assess and report aspects of neurosurgical education in German-speaking countries and to identify risk factors for quitting or changing the neurosurgical residency program.

Treatment with 5-azacitidine delay growth of glioblastoma xenografts: a potential new treatment approach for glioblastomas.

Purpose: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal primary brain tumor in adults. The epigenetically active ribonucleoside analog 5-azacitidine is a new therapy option that changes tumor cell chromatin, which is frequently modified by methylation and deacetylation in malignant gliomas.

Methods: In vitro, we analyzed cell viability, cell apoptosis, and migration of human GBM cells.

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular extension and the grading of obstructive hydrocephalus: the prediction of outcome of a special life-threatening entity.

Background: Primary spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) with secondary intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) accounts for the highest in-hospital mortality after stroke.

Objective: To analyze predictors and the role of acute hydrocephalus in outcome, especially 30-day mortality or an unfavorable outcome at 6 months. In addition, a new risk stratification tool for SICH- IVH was developed.

Doppler ultrasonographic measurement of blood flow velocities in major cerebral arteries of the rat using triplex mode.

Objective: In patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, delayed cerebral ischemia caused by vasospasm of major cerebral arteries is an important factor of morbidity. While Doppler ultrasonographic monitoring of blood flow velocities is a routine bedside examination in these patients, the current rodent models of vasospasm do not include this technique. In this article, we present an extended craniectomy in rats, which allows for direct angle-corrected Doppler ultrasonographic examination of major cerebral vessels.

Intra-vital ultrasonographic monitoring of intra-cerebral tumor growth in a rat glioma model: technical note.

The assessment of therapeutic effects in rodent glioma models by comparison of post mortem tumor sizes has to deal with differing individual growth kinetics and the possibility of spontaneous tumor regression. This technical note describes the intravital ultrasonographical monitoring of cerebral tumor growth in individual animals. In the experiments C6 lacZ glioma cells were injected intracerebrally into female Wistar rats.