Corporate emissions targets and the neglect of future innovators.

Targets can distort competition in favor of incumbent firms.

Virtues of impact financing: Do financial institutions benefit from considering the environmental impact on financing decisions?

The impact investing literature largely focuses on private equity investing and overlooks the investments made through debt financing that actually dominate the market. To address this research gap, this paper investigates whether impact financing is associated with financial benefits. By using COVID-19 as an exogenous shock to China's stock market, this paper applies fixed effects panel data analysis with a difference-in-differences research design to provide robust empirical outcomes.

The impact of immunotherapies on COVID-19 case fatality rates during the US vaccination campaign: a multidisciplinary open data analysis using FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and Our World in Data.

Patients under immunotherapies were excluded from the pivotal trials of vaccinations against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and no population-level data on disease outcomes such as case fatality rates in relation to vaccination coverage exist. Our study aims to fill this gap by investigating whether CFRs in patients with immunotherapies decrease with increasing vaccination coverage in the total population. We combined aggregated open source data on COVID-19 vaccination coverage from "Our World in Data" with publicly available anonymized COVID-19 case reports from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System to compute COVID-19 CFRs for patients under immunotherapy at different vaccination coverage levels in the total population.

Multiple Sclerosis immunotherapies and COVID-19 mortality: an analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System.

Background: Evidence on mortality risks associated with MS-immunotherapies during the SARS-CoV2 pandemic derived thus far mainly from single country experiences.

Objective: In this analysis, we aim to determine the frequency of COVID-19 associated fatality reports of patients receiving an MS-immunotherapy as reported to the international Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from February 2020 to March 2021.

Methods: In all, 1071 cases for this cross-sectional analysis were retrieved from FAERS and a multivariable logistic regression was performed.

Vitamin D supplementation differentially affects seasonal multiple sclerosis disease activity.

Objectives: Low ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation causes hypovitaminosis D, which is a known risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS) and associated with MS disease activity. Our objective is to test whether vitamin D supplementation is most effective in lowering disease activity during the period of the year with low UVB radiation and consequently low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of medical records from our outpatient department identified 40 MS patients with available data of at least 6 months before and during oral vitamin D supplementation.