Syntheses and reductions of C-dimesitylboryl-1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaboranes.

Two C-dimesitylboryl-1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaboranes, 1-(BMes2)-2-R-1,2-C2B10H10 (1, R = H, 2, R = Ph), were synthesised by lithiation of 1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane and 1-phenyl-1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane, respectively, with n-butyllithium and subsequent reaction with fluorodimesitylborane. These novel compounds were structurally characterised by X-ray crystallography. Compounds 1 and 2 are hydrolysed on prolonged exposure to air to give mesitylene and boronic acids 1-(B(OH)2)-2-R-1,2-C2B10H10 (3, R = H, 4, R = Ph respectively).

Photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectroscopy for multiplexed detection of intermediate species in a flame.

Complex reactive processes in the gas phase often proceed via numerous reaction steps and intermediate species that must be identified and quantified to develop an understanding of the reaction pathways and establish suitable reaction mechanisms. Here, photoelectron-photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy has been applied to analyse combustion intermediates present in a premixed fuel-rich (ϕ = 1.7) ethene-oxygen flame diluted with 25% argon, burning at a reduced pressure of 40 mbar.

On the ambiguity of 1,3,2-benzodiazaboroles as donor/acceptor functionalities in luminescent molecules.

A series of 1,3-bis(perfluoroaryl)-2-(hetero)aryl-1,3,2-benzodiazaboroles, 1,3-(F)Ar2-2-Ar-1,3,2-N2BC6H4 (Ar = Ph, (F)Ar = C6F5 5; Ar = Ph, (F)Ar = 4-C5F4N 6; Ar = Ph, (F)Ar = 4-NCC6F4 7; Ar = 2-C4H3S, (F)Ar = C6F5 8; Ar = 2-C4H3S, (F)Ar = 4-C5F4N 9; Ar = 2-C4H3S, (F)Ar = 4-NCC6F4 10), were synthesised by cyclocondensation of the adducts PhBBr2·PPh3 or 2-thienylBBr2·PPh3 with N,N'-bis(perfluoroaryl)-o-phenylenediamines in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine. Similar treatments of the PPh3 adducts of 4-(1',3'-diethyl-1',3',2'-benzodiazaborolyl)-phenyldibromoborane with the corresponding diamines gave rise to the push-pull compounds, C6H4(NEt)2B-1,4-C6H4-B(N(F)Ar)2C6H4 ((F)Ar = C6F5 11; 4-C5F4N 12) and C6H4(NEt)2B-2,5-C4H2S-B(N(F)Ar)2C6H4 ((F)Ar = C6F5 13; 4-C5F4N 14). The X-ray structures of 8, 11, 12 and 13 were determined.

C,C'-bis(benzodiazaborolyl)dicarba-closo-dodecaboranes: synthesis, structures, photophysics and electrochemistry.

Six new C,C'-bis(benzodiazaborolyl)dicarba-closo-dodecaboranes, 1,A-R2-1,A-C2B10H10, where R represents the group 2-(1,3-Et2-1,3,2-N2BC6H4) or 2-(1,3-Ph2-1,3,2-N2BC6H4) and A is 2, 7 or 12, were synthesized from o-, m-, and p-dicarbadodecaboranes (carboranes) by lithiation and subsequent treatment with the respective 2-bromo-1,3,2-benzodiazaboroles. UV-visible and fluorescence spectra of all carboranes display low energy charge transfer emissions. While such emissions with Stokes shifts between 17,330 and 21,290 cm(-1) are typical for C,C'-bis(aryl)-ortho-carboranes, the observed low-energy emissions with Stokes shifts between 8320 and 15,170 cm(-1) for the meta- and para-isomers are unusual as high-energy emissions are typical for meta- and para-dicarbadodecaboranes.

Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies of C-benzodiazaborolyl-ortho-carboranes.

Fifteen C-diazaborolyl-ortho-carboranes, 1-R'-2-R''-1,2-C(2)B(10)H(10), where R' represents the groups 2-(1,3-Et(2)-1,3,2-N(2)BC(6)H(4))-, 2-(1,3-Ph(2)-1,3,2-N(2)BC(6)H(4))-, 2-(1,3-Ph(2)-5,6-Me(2)-1,3,2-N(2)BC(6)H(2))-, 2-(1,3-(i)Pr(2)-1,3,2-N(2)BC(6)H(4))-, and 2-(1,3,2-N(2)BC(6)H(6))- and where R'' is H, Me, Ph, (t)Bu or SiMe(3), were synthesized. Cyclic voltammetry studies of the compounds showed irreversible oxidation waves which are caused by the oxidation of the heterocycle. Those C-diazaborolyl-ortho-carboranes with Ph, tBu and SiMe(3) substituents at the adjacent C-atom of the cage displayed two one-electron reduction waves reflecting the formation of stable radical monoanions with unusual (2n + 3) skeletal electron counts.

Diazaborolyl-boryl push-pull systems with ethynylene-arylene bridges as 'turn-on' fluoride sensors.

Two linear π-conjugated systems with 1,3-diethyl-1,3,2-benzodiazaborolyl [C(6)H(4)(NEt)(2)B-] as a donor group and dimesitylboryl (-BMes(2)) as acceptor were synthesised with -ethynylene-phenylene- (-C≡C-1,4-C(6)H(4)-, 3) and -ethynylene-thiophene- (-C≡C-2,5-C(4)H(2)S-12) bridges between the boron atoms. An assembly (20) consisting of two diazaborolyl-ethynylene-phenylene-boryl units, [C(6)H(4)(NCy)(N')B-C≡C-1,4-C(6)H(4)-BMes(2)] joined via a 1,4-phenylene unit at the nitrogen atoms (N') of the diazaborolyl units was also synthesised. The three push-pull systems, 3, 12 and 20, form salts on fluoride addition with the BMes(2) groups converted into (BMes(2)F)(-) anions.

Syntheses of rod-shaped fluorescent 1,3,2-benzodiazaboroles with phosphonium, and phosphane chalcogenide acceptor functions.

A series of 1,4-phenylenes X-C(6)H(4)-BDB with a 1,3,2-benzodiazaborolyl (BDB) and a phosphorus based end group [X = PPh(2) (2), P(O)Ph(2) (3), P(S)Ph(2) (4), P(Se)Ph(2) (5), P(AuCl)Ph(2) (6) and P(Me)Ph(2) (7)] as well as 2-(2')thienyl-1,3,2-benzodiazaboroles with a second end group X [X = PPh(2) (8), P(S)Ph(2) (9), P(Se)Ph(2) (10) and P(Me)Ph(2) (11)] in the 5' position were synthesised using established methodologies. Molecular structures of 2-9 and 11 were determined by X-ray diffraction. Compounds 3, 4, 6, 7, 9 and 11 show intense blue luminescence in cyclohexane, toluene, chloroform, dichloromethane and tetrahydrofuran with pronounced solvatochromism.

Luminescence properties of C-diazaborolyl-ortho-carboranes as donor-acceptor systems.

Seven derivatives of 1,2-dicarbadodecaborane (ortho-carborane, 1,2-C(2)B(10)H(12)) with a 1,3-diethyl- or 1,3-diphenyl-1,3,2-benzodiazaborolyl group on one cage carbon atom were synthesized and structurally characterized. Six of these compounds showed remarkable low-energy fluorescence emissions with large Stokes shifts of 15100-20260 cm(-1) and quantum yields (Φ(F)) of up to 65% in the solid state. The low-energy fluorescence emission, which was assigned to a charge-transfer (CT) transition between the cage and the heterocyclic unit, depended on the orientation (torsion angle, ψ) of the diazaborolyl group with respect to the cage C-C bond.

Luminescent Diazaborolyl-Functionalized Polystyrene.

We present two different procedures for the synthesis of poly[4-(1',3'-diethyl-1',3',2'-benzodiazaborolyl)styrene] () and poly[4-(1',3'-diphenyl-1',3',2'-benzodiazaborolyl)styrene] (). The new polymers were fully characterized by GPC, multinuclear NMR, and elemental analysis. The thermal properties and stability were studied by DSC and TGA, and the optical characteristics were examined by absorption and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy.

Experimental and theoretical studies on organic D-π-A systems containing three-coordinate boron moieties as both π-donor and π-acceptor.

Four linear π-conjugated systems with 1,3-diethyl-1,3,2-benzodiazaborolyl [C(6)H(4)(NEt)(2)B] as a π-donor at one end and dimesitylboryl (BMes(2)) as a π-acceptor at the other end were synthesized. These unusual push-pull systems contain phenylene (-1,4-C(6)H(4)-; 1), biphenylene (-4,4'-(1,1'-C(6)H(4))(2)-; 2), thiophene (-2,5-C(4)H(2)S-; 3), and dithiophene (-5,5'-(2,2'-C(4)H(2)S)(2)-; 4) as π-conjugated bridges and different types of three-coordinate boron moieties serving as both π-donor and π-acceptor. Molecular structures of 2, 3, and 4 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.

Solvatochromism and fluoride sensing of thienyl-containing benzodiazaboroles.

Static and time-resolved fluorescence studies were carried out to investigate the photophysical properties and fluoride sensing abilities of highly fluorescent thienyl-containing 1,3-diethyl-1,3,2-benzodiazaboroles. Absorption and fluorescence spectra were measured in various solvents, showing the fluorophores to emit in the visible wavelength region with colors varying from blue to orange and quantum yields ranging between 0.21 and 1.

Quantitative laser diagnostic and modeling study of C2 and CH chemistry in combustion.

Quantitative concentration measurements of CH and C(2) have been performed in laminar, premixed, flat flames of propene and cyclopentene with varying stoichiometry. A combination of cavity ring-down (CRD) spectroscopy and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) was used to enable sensitive detection of these species with high spatial resolution. Previously, CH and C(2) chemistry had been studied, predominantly in methane flames, to understand potential correlations of their formation and consumption.

Synthetic, structural, photophysical and computational studies of pi-conjugated bis- and tris-1,3,2-benzodiazaboroles and related bis(boryl) dithiophenes.

A series of pi-conjugated systems with two and three 1,3-diethyl-1,3,2-benzodiazaborolyl end-groups was synthesised in 58-91% yields using established 1,3,2-diazaborole methodologies. The bis(diazaborolyl) compounds contain thiophene -2,5-C4H2S- (2a), dithiophene -5,5'-(2,2'-C4H2S)2- (2b), phenylene -1,4-C6H4- (2c), biphenylene -4,4'-(1,1'-(C6H4)2)- (2d) and dioctylfluorene -2,7-(9,9-(C8H7)2C11H6)- (2e) bridges. The three-way linkers in the tris(diazaborolyl) assemblies contain a central phenylene unit -1,3,5-C6H3- linked to the borolyl end groups via thiophene -2,5-C4H2S- (3a), directly bonded (3b) or via phenylene -1,4-C6H4- (3c) units.

Synthetic, structural, photophysical and computational studies on 2-arylethynyl-1,3,2-diazaboroles.

New 2-arylalkynyl benzo-1,3,2-diazaboroles, 2-(4'-XC(6)H(4)C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C)-1,3-Et(2)-1,3,2-N(2)BC(6)H(4) (X =Me ; MeO ; MeS ; Me(2)N ), were prepared from B-bromodiazaborole, 2-Br-1,3-Et(2)-1,3,2-N(2)BC(6)H(4), with the appropriate lithiated arylacetylene, ArC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CLi. Molecular structures of , and were determined by X-ray diffraction studies. UV-vis and luminescence spectroscopic studies on these diazaboroles reveal intense blue/violet fluorescence with very large quantum yields of 0.

Quantitative determination of combustion intermediates with cavity ring-down spectroscopy: systematic study in propene flames near the soot-formation limit.

Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) was applied in several fuel-rich, one-dimensional, premixed C3H6/O2/Ar flames at 50 mbars (37.5 torr) to measure absolute OH, HCO, and 1CH2 concentration as well as temperature as a function of stoichiometry. Although these flames near the sooting limit present a complex chemical environment, significant spectral interferences were found to be absent.

Platinum(II) 1,10-phenanthroline complexes of acetylides containing redox-active groups.

The new diimine ligand 3,8-di-n-pentyl-4,7-di(phenylethynyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (1) was used for the synthesis of a range of Pt(II) complexes, viz.[Pt(1)Cl2], [Pt(1)(C triple bond C-Ph)2], [Pt(1)(C triple bond C-Fc)2] and [Pt(1)(C triple bond C-p-C6H4-C triple bond C-Fc)2](Fc = ferrocenyl). Crystal structure analyses were performed for [Pt(1)Cl2] and [Pt(1)(C triple bond C-Ph)2] and revealed that the di(acetylide)pi-tweezer of the latter binds a molecule of chloroform through C-H.

Energy transfer in the OH A2sigma+ state: the role of polarization and of multi-quantum energy transfer.

Energy transfer in the excited state of molecules including quenching, rotational and vibrational energy transfer, and polarization scrambling is one of the major factors which limit the accuracy of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements. In this contribution, we present time-, wavelength-, and polarization-resolved spectra of OH in a stoichiometric H2/air flame at atmospheric pressure. Emphasis is placed on the investigation of the role of polarization effects and of multi-quantum vibrational energy transfer on fluorescence spectra originating from the OH A2sigma+ state.

Static and time-resolved fluorescence investigations of tryptophan analogues--a solvent study.

The fluorescence properties of tryptophan, polytryptophan and seven of its analogues (7-azatryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-methoxytryptophan, 5-fluorotryptophan, 5-methyltryptophan, 5-bromotryptophan, and 6-fluorotryptophan) are studied using two novel fluorescence spectroscopic techniques for a wide range of solvent polarities. Two-dimensional mapping of all emission and all fluorescence spectra using excitation-emission spectroscopy (EES) has been used to determine quantum yields, positions of emission maxima, full widths at half maximum (FWHMs) as well as Stokes' shifts. Additionally, fluorescence lifetimes obtained from time-resolved experiments using a picosecond laser system are presented and compared with the data acquired from the static setup.

Ferrocenyl-functionalised terpyridines and their transition-metal complexes: syntheses, structures and spectroscopic and electrochemical properties.

Terpyridine ligands of the type Fc'-X-tpy (Fc'=ferrocenyl or octamethylferrocenyl, X=rigid spacer, tpy'=4'-substituted 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine) were prepared, crystallographically characterised and used for the synthesis of di- and trinuclear bis(terpyridine) complexes of RuII, FeII and ZnII. Donor-sensitiser dyads and triads based on RuII were thoroughly investigated by (spectro)electrochemistry, UV/Vis, transient absorption and luminescence spectroscopy, and an energy level scheme was derived on the basis of the data collected. Intramolecular quenching of the photoexcited RuII complexes by the redox-active Fc' groups can occur reductively and by energy transfer.

Laser applications to chemical and environmental analysis: introduction to the feature issue.

This issue of Applied Optics features 14 papers that describe recent advances of laser techniques, including instrumentation, application in combustion research, and detection of pollutants. Most of these contributions were presented at the Eighth Optical Society of America Topical Meeting on Laser Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis (8th LACEA), held in Boulder, Colorado, 7-10 February, 2002.

Reaction mechanism of plant 2-Cys peroxiredoxin. Role of the C terminus and the quaternary structure.

Barley 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin (2-Cys Prx) was analyzed for peroxide reduction, quaternary structure, thylakoid attachment, and function as well as in vivo occurrence of the inactivated form, with emphasis on the role of specific amino acid residues. Data presented show the following. 1) 2-Cys Prx has a broad substrate specificity and reduces even complex lipid peroxides such as phosphatidylcholine dilineoyl hydroperoxide, although at low rates.