Evaluation of a nanostructured CpG-ODN/ascorbyl palmitate as a safe and effective adjuvant for anticrotalic PLA2 serum.

Background: The WHO states that antivenom is the only safe and effective treatment to neutralize snake venom. Snakebite antivenom typically involves horse hyperimmunization with crude venom and Freund's adjuvant.

Methods: In the current work, we analyzed the ascorbyl palmitate liquid crystal structure with snake protein or PLA2, the carrier charge capacity, and we evaluated the immune response induced by the enzyme P9a(Cdt-PLA2) formulated in a nanostructure using CpG-ODN, determining the titer of IgG antibodies.

Potential low-impact immunogen for the production of anti-bothropic serum: Bothrops alternatus venom treated with NaEDTA.

This study proposes an alternative method using NaEDTA to neutralize B. alternatus venom and using it as an immunogen from the start of inoculation to minimize side effects and enhance antivenom production. To achieve this, 1.

Platelet aggregation inhibitors from Bothrops alternatus snake venom.

Snake venoms are a complex mixture of proteins and peptides that can activate/inhibit platelet aggregation. Bothrops alternatus venom include three main families: metalloproteinases (SVMPs), serinoproteinases (SVSPs) and phospholipases A (PLAs), among other minor components. In this work, we used inhibitor cocktails (containing Na-EDTA, PMSF and/or pBPB) to investigate the effect of these three families and of baltergin (a PIII SVMP) on platelet aggregation by a turbidmetric method using a microplate reader.

Traces of Bothrops snake venoms in necrotic muscle preclude myotube formation in vitro.

Deficient skeletal muscle regeneration, which often leads to permanent sequelae, is a common clinical finding in envenomations caused by snakes of the family Viperidae, such as those of Bothrops alternatus and B. diporus in South America. The causes of such poor muscle regenerative outcome are still incompletely understood.

Venoms and Isolated Toxins from Snakes of Medical Impact in the Northeast Argentina: State of the Art. Potential Pharmacological Applications.

Among the ophidians that inhabit the Northeast of Argentina, the genus Bothrops such as B. alternatus and B. diporus species (also known as yararás) and Crotalus durisus terrificus (named cascabel), represent the most studied snake venom for more than thirty years.

Apoptosis induced by a snake venom metalloproteinase from Bothrops alternatus venom in C2C12 muscle cells.

In this study, the apoptosis inducing effects of baltergin as well as its influence on cell adhesion and migration on muscles cells in vitro were studied. Morphological analysis made by scanning electron and phase contrast microscopy demonstrated typical futures of programmed cell death, apoptosis. This mechanism was confirmed by fluorescence staining, molecular analysis of endonuclease activity and increased mRNA expression level of two representative genes (p53 and bax).

Phospholipase A(2) enhances the endothelial cell detachment effect of a snake venom metalloproteinase in the absence of catalysis.

Microvessel disruption leading to hemorrhage stands among the most dangerous consequences of envenomings by snakes of the family Viperidae. A PIII metalloproteinase (SVMP), balteragin, purified from the venom of the snake Bothrops alternatus, displays a potent hemorrhagic effect, and a moderate myotoxicity in vivo. Previous studies described the ability of this SVMP to induce the detachment of C2C12 myoblasts in culture, without causing cytolysis.