The Effect of Surfactants on the Stability of Sodium Hypochlorite Preparations.

Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of the presence of surfactants over time on free available chlorine (FAC), pH, viscosity, and surface tension of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) preparations.

Methods: Three preparations containing surfactant (Chlor-XTRA 6% [Vista Dental Products, Racine, WI], Hypocelle 4% Forte [Dentalife, Ringwood, Australia], and White King Lemon [Pental, Shepparton, Australia]) and 2 without, Vista 6% (Vista Dental Products) and Hypocelle 4% Forte plain (Dentalife), were tested. The solutions were stored in closed plastic bottles and protected from light at a constant 20°C for 213 days.

Effect of an alcohol-based caries detector on the surface tension of sodium hypochlorite preparations.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an alcohol-based caries detector (Kurakay) on the surface tension of a conventional sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) preparation, and a product containing a surface-active agent (Chlor-XTRA). The surface tensions of the following solutions were tested: NaOCl, a mixture of NaOCl and Kurakay 9:1 w/w, Chlor-XTRA, a mixture of Chlor-XTRA and Kurakay 9:1 w/w. Ten measurements per test solution were made at 20°C, using an optical method called the "Pendant drop method", with a commercially available apparatus.

Antagonistic interactions between sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, EDTA, and citric acid.

Introduction: Root canal irrigants play a significant role in the elimination of microorganisms, tissue dissolution, and the removal of debris and smear layer. No single solution is able to fulfill these actions completely; therefore, their association is required. The aim of this investigation was to review the antagonistic interactions occurring when sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine (CHX), EDTA, and citric acid (CA) are used together during endodontic treatment.

Improvement of the analysis of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of Mediterranean seawater by seeding control.

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a useful parameter for assessing the biodegradability of dissolved organic matter in water. At the same time, this parameter is used to evaluate the efficiency with which certain processes remove biodegradable natural organic matter (NOM). However, the values of BOD in seawater are very low (around 2 mgO(2)L(-1)) and the methods used for its analysis are poorly developed.