A Preliminary Study of the Effect of Early Aerobic Exercise Treatment for Sport-Related Concussion in Males.

Objective: To study the effect of early prescribed aerobic exercise versus relative rest on rate of recovery in male adolescents acutely after sport-related concussion (SRC).

Design: Quasi-experimental design.

Setting: University sports medicine centers.

An Exploratory Study of Mild Cognitive Impairment of Retired Professional Contact Sport Athletes.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that mild cognitive impairment (MCI) rates are higher among retired professional contact sport athletes than in noncontact athlete controls and compare history of contact sports with other MCI risk factors.

Setting: University Concussion Management Clinic.

Participants: Twenty-one retired National Football League and National Hockey League players and 21 aged-matched noncontact athlete controls.

Evaluation of Executive Function and Mental Health in Retired Contact Sport Athletes.

Objective: To compare retired professional contact sport athletes with age-matched noncontact sport athletes on measures of executive function and mental health.

Setting: The University Concussion Management Clinic.

Participants: Twenty-one retired National Football League (NFL) and National Hockey League (NHL) players (mean age 56 years) and 21 age-matched noncontact sport athlete controls.

Intracranial pressure changes after mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic review.

Objective: Intracranial pressure (ICP) after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is poorly studied due to lack of sensitive non-invasive methods. The purpose of this review was to summarize the existing knowledge of changes in ICP after mTBI. Literature selection: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Scopus were searched by three reviewers independently up to December 2016.

Safety and Prognostic Utility of Provocative Exercise Testing in Acutely Concussed Adolescents: A Randomized Trial.

Objective: To evaluate (1) systematic assessment of exercise tolerance in adolescents shortly after sport-related concussion (SRC) and (2) the prognostic utility of such assessment.

Design: Prospective randomized controlled trial.

Setting: University and community sports medicine centers.

In the wake of a possible mistake: Security motivation, checking behavior, and OCD.

Background And Objectives: In previous experiments, OCD washers did not differ significantly from controls in their initial level of activation in response to the potential threat of contamination; however, they were less able to reduce their activation by engaging in hand-washing, suggesting that the key problem in OCD is a faulty stopping mechanism. The main objectives of the present experiments were to develop a similar experimental paradigm for investigating checking behavior, and to use it to test the hypothesis that a faulty stopping mechanism also underlies OCD checking.

Methods: Participants sorted pills under the guise of beta testing a new medication system and then were given suggestions of the possibility of having made mistakes with potentially serious consequences.

When too much is not enough: obsessive-compulsive disorder as a pathology of stopping, rather than starting.

Background: In obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), individuals feel compelled to repeatedly perform security-related behaviors, even though these behaviours seem excessive and unwarranted to them. The present research investigated two alternative ways of explaining such behavior: (1) a dysfunction of activation--a starting problem--in which the level of excitation in response to stimuli suggesting potential danger is abnormally strong; versus (2) a dysfunction of termination--a stopping problem--in which the satiety-like process for shutting down security-related thoughts and actions is abnormally weak.

Method: In two experiments, 70 patients with OCD (57 with washing compulsions, 13 with checking compulsions) and 72 controls were exposed to contamination cues--immersing a hand in wet diapers--and later allowed to wash their hands, first limited to 30 s and then for as long as desired.

The psychology of potential threat: properties of the security motivation system.

Results of three experiments support hypothesized properties of the security motivation system, a special motivational system for handling potential threats, as proposed by Szechtman and Woody (2004). First, mild stimuli suggesting potential harm produced a marked state of activation (evident in both objective and subjective measures), consistent with the hypothesis that the security motivation system is finely tuned for the detection of potential threat. Second, in the absence of corrective behavior, this evoked activation is persistent, supporting the hypothesis that once stimulated, the security motivation system produces an enduring motivational state involving the urge to engage in threat-reducing behavior.