Spatial methane pattern in a deep freshwater lake: Relation to water depth and topography.

Freshwater lakes are regarded as important methane (CH) sources, accounting for ~20% of natural emission. To improve the assessment of the global greenhouse effect, it is necessary to consider spatial variability within lakes. Here, CH concentrations in the water column and sediment layers, as well as the sediment CH production potentials and diffusive fluxes, were studied in the littoral, intermediate, and profundal zones of the medium-sized (425 ha), deep (maximum depth 69.

Spread of Terbinafine-Resistant Type VIII (India) in Germany-"The Tip of the Iceberg?".

Chronic recalcitrant dermatophytoses, due to (.) Type VIII are on the rise in India and are noteworthy for their predominance. It would not be wrong to assume that travel and migration would be responsible for the spread of .

Early delivery and prolonged treatment with nimodipine prevents the development of spasticity after spinal cord injury in mice.

Spasticity, one of the most frequent comorbidities of spinal cord injury (SCI), disrupts motor recovery and quality of life. Despite major progress in neurorehabilitative and pharmacological approaches, therapeutic strategies for treating spasticity are lacking. Here, we show in a mouse model of chronic SCI that treatment with nimodipine-an L-type calcium channel blocker already approved from the European Medicine Agency and from the U.

Modeling Motor Neuron Resilience in ALS Using Stem Cells.

Oculomotor neurons, which regulate eye movement, are resilient to degeneration in the lethal motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It would be highly advantageous if motor neuron resilience could be modeled in vitro. Toward this goal, we generated a high proportion of oculomotor neurons from mouse embryonic stem cells through temporal overexpression of PHOX2A in neuronal progenitors.

Shifts among Eukaryota, Bacteria, and Archaea define the vertical organization of a lake sediment.

Background: Lake sediments harbor diverse microbial communities that cycle carbon and nutrients while being constantly colonized and potentially buried by organic matter sinking from the water column. The interaction of activity and burial remained largely unexplored in aquatic sediments. We aimed to relate taxonomic composition to sediment biogeochemical parameters, test whether community turnover with depth resulted from taxonomic replacement or from richness effects, and to provide a basic model for the vertical community structure in sediments.

Spatiotemporal correlation of spinal network dynamics underlying spasms in chronic spinalized mice.

Spasms after spinal cord injury (SCI) are debilitating involuntary muscle contractions that have been associated with increased motor neuron excitability and decreased inhibition. However, whether spasms involve activation of premotor spinal excitatory neuronal circuits is unknown. Here we use mouse genetics, electrophysiology, imaging and optogenetics to directly target major classes of spinal interneurons as well as motor neurons during spasms in a mouse model of chronic SCI.

Descending Command Neurons in the Brainstem that Halt Locomotion.

The episodic nature of locomotion is thought to be controlled by descending inputs from the brainstem. Most studies have largely attributed this control to initiating excitatory signals, but little is known about putative commands that may specifically determine locomotor offset. To link identifiable brainstem populations to a potential locomotor stop signal, we used developmental genetics and considered a discrete neuronal population in the reticular formation: the V2a neurons.

Selective mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake deficit in disease endstage vulnerable motoneurons of the SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that targets some somatic motoneuron populations, while others, e.g. those of the oculomotor system, are spared.

Downregulation of the potassium chloride cotransporter KCC2 in vulnerable motoneurons in the SOD1-G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

The balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs is critical for the physiological control of motoneurons. The maintenance of a low-intracellular chloride concentration by the potassium chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2) is essential for the efficacy of fast synaptic inhibition of mature motoneurons in response to the activation of ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid A and glycine receptors. Altered synaptic balance and excitotoxicity have been proposed as candidate pathophysiological processes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Validation of endogenous controls for quantitative gene expression analysis: application on brain cortices of human chronic alcoholics.

Real-time PCR is frequently used for gene expression quantification due to its methodological sensitivity and reproducibility. The gene expression is quantified by normalization to one or more reference genes, usually beta-actin (ACTB), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) or to ribosomal RNA (18S). However, different environmental or pathological conditions might also influence the expression of normalizing genes, which could severely skew the interpretation of quantitative results.