Overview of Ancillary Techniques in Cervical Cytology.

Background: The association between high-risk serotypes of human papillomavirus (hr-HPV) and cervical cancer is well-established.

Summary: In order to improve the sensitivity of cervical cytology testing, hr-HPV testing has rapidly become part of routine cervical cancer screening, either in conjunction with cytology or as primary testing. In this review, we discuss the overall utility and strategies of hr-HPV testing, as well as the advantages and limitations of potential triage strategies for hr-HPV-positive women, including HPV genotyping, p16/Ki-67 dual staining, and methylation assays.

Histopathology of Colectomy Specimens Predicts Endoscopic Pouch Phenotype in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis.

Background: The endoscopic appearance in patients with "pouchitis" after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis (UC) can be quite heterogenous. Patients with an endoscopic phenotype resembling Crohn's disease (CD) are at high risk of pouch loss.

Aims: We aimed to assess how the histopathology of colectomy specimens predicts endoscopic pouch phenotypes in UC.

Devastating Postpartum Complications in an Adolescent Linked to New-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome.

Pregnancy can affect the severity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and pregnant women with IBD are at a higher risk for venous thromboembolism compared with the general population. We report a previously healthy 16-year-old female who developed bloody diarrhea and venous thromboembolism following childbirth, with further evaluation revealing IBD and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. This case highlights the impact pregnancy can have on IBD and other immunological disorders, and the potentially life-threatening risk of thrombosis in pregnant women with IBD.

Histologic changes caused by injection of a novel submucosal lifting agent for endoscopic resection in GI lesions.

Background And Aims: ORISE Gel is a recently introduced, U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved submucosal lifting agent used in endoscopic resection of GI lesions.

Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Adult Prostate: A Case Report With Complete Molecular Profile.

Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the adult prostate is rare and associated with an aggressive clinical course. Given the limited number of cases reported about the prostate, little is known about the impact of molecular mutations on tumor biology and prognosis in adults. In this article, we present a case of primary embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the adult prostate with a complete molecular mutational profile of the tumor.

Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma: A Comparison of Histologic Grading Systems and Relationship to MAML2 Rearrangement and Prognosis.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common salivary gland malignancy, but categorization is complicated by variability in grading systems and uncertain prognostic significance of MAML2 rearrangement. The aims of this study were to determine the prognostic significance of MEC grading systems and MAML2 rearrangement status. Fifty-three carcinomas originally diagnosed as MEC (45 primary; 8 recurrent) of major and minor salivary glands were graded according to modified Healey, Brandwein, AFIP, and Katabi systems.

Role of Ancillary Techniques in Gynecologic Cytopathology Specimens.

The association between high-risk genotypes of human papillomavirus (hr-HPV) and cervical cancer is well established. As hr-HPV testing is rapidly becoming a part of routine cervical cancer screening, either in conjunction with cytology or as primary testing, the management of hr-HPV-positive women has to be tailored in a way that increases the detection of cervical abnormalities while decreasing unnecessary colposcopic biopsies or other invasive procedures. In this review, we discuss the overall utility and strategies of hr-HPV testing, as well as the advantages and limitations of potential triage strategies for hr-HPV-positive women, including HPV genotyping, p16/Ki-67 dual staining, and methylation assays.

Second primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterine cervix presenting with synchronous ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor: An illustrative case of DICER1 syndrome.

•Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterine cervix and ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors are associated with mutation•-associated tumors should prompt genetic counseling and testing•Somatic and germline genetic mutation profiles can be used to differentiate second primary from recurrent tumors.

Phyllodes Tumor of the Prostate With Epithelial Intestinal Metaplasia.

Phyllodes tumor of the prostate is a rare mesenchymal tumor conventionally regarded as a stromal tumor of undetermined malignant potential. While the initial presentation is that of urinary obstruction and/or hematuria, the subsequent clinical behavior is thought to be a function of stromal cellularity and cytologic changes of malignancy. Of histologic interest, the epithelial component of this tumor varies, including intestinal metaplasia, as seen in the present case.

Agent-based model of epithelial host-pathogen interactions in anastomotic leak.

Background: There is a growing recognition of the significance of host-pathogen interactions (HPIs) in gut biology leading to a reassessment of the role of bacteria in intestinal anastomotic leak. Understanding the complexities of the early postsurgical gut HPI requires integrating knowledge of both epithelial and bacterial behaviors to generate hypotheses of potential mechanisms of interaction. Agent-based modeling is a computational method well suited to achieve this goal, and we use an agent-based model (ABM) to examine alterations in the HPI affecting reestablishment of the epithelial barrier that may subsequently lead to anastomotic leak.

Intestinal tissues induce an SNP mutation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that enhances its virulence: possible role in anastomotic leak.

The most feared complication following intestinal resection is anastomotic leakage. In high risk areas (esophagus/rectum) where neoadjuvant chemoradiation is used, the incidence of anastomotic leaks remains unacceptably high (≈ 10%) even when performed by specialist surgeons in high volume centers. The aims of this study were to test the hypothesis that anastomotic leakage develops when pathogens colonizing anastomotic sites become in vivo transformed to express a tissue destroying phenotype.

Avoiding colectomy during surgical management of fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis.

Background: Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea in adults. Over the last decade, there has been a substantial increase in the disease-associated morbidity and mortality rate from this infection accompanied by identification of new hypervirulent strains. Fulminant colitis, a severe and complicated form of the disease that frequently necessitates surgical intervention, occurs in 3-8% of patients infected with C.

Heme oxygenase-2 modulates early pathogenesis after traumatic injury to the immature brain.

We determined if heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2), an enzyme that degrades the pro-oxidant heme, confers neuroprotection in the developing brain after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Male HO-2 wild-type (WT) and homozygous knockout (KO) mice at postnatal day 21 were subjected to TBI and euthanized 1, 7, and 14 days later. Relative cerebral blood flow, measured by laser Doppler, cortical and hippocampal pathogenesis, and motor recovery were evaluated at all time points.

Inflammation and Spinal Cord Injury: Infiltrating Leukocytes as Determinants of Injury and Repair Processes.

The immune response that accompanies spinal cord injury contributes to both injury and reparative processes. It is this duality that is the focus of this review. Here we consider the complex cellular and molecular immune responses that lead to the infiltration of leukocytes and glial activation, promote oxidative stress and tissue damage, influence wound healing, and subsequently modulate locomotor recovery.