Efficacy and Usability of Intranasal Glucagon for the Management of Hypoglycemia in Patients With Diabetes: A Systematic Review.

Purpose: Hypoglycemia is a common and sometimes life-threatening adverse event associated with insulin, sulfonylurea, and meglitinide therapies. In patients who are disoriented or unconscious, treatment with injectable glucagon is recommended, along with a call for emergency medical assistance. However, limitations of this formulation include difficulty with reconstitution and an unwillingness to administer an injection.