Development and validation of the smartphone addiction risk children questionnaire (SARCQ).

Smartphone abuse interferes with all activities in daily life. Young people who tend to have a smartphone addiction (SA) also have social, familiar and academic problems. Furthermore, smartphone provides immediate access to communication as well as avoids experiencing social anxiety.

Divert to ULTRA: differences in infused volumes and clearance in two on-line hemodiafiltration treatments.

Background: Mixed diffusive-convective dialysis therapies offer greater removal capabilities than conventional dialysis. The aim of this study was to compare two different on-line, post-dilution hemodiafiltration (HDF) treatments with regard to achieved convective volume and middle-molecule dialysis efficiency: standard volume control (sOL-HDF) and automated control of the transmembrane pressure (TMP) (UC-HDF).

Methods: We enrolled 30 ESRD patients (55.

The effects of task and resource interdependence on achievement and social support: an exploratory study of Italian children.

The relative efficacy of positive task interdependence, positive resource interdependence, and individualistic learning were compared with achievement and academic and personal social support. The authors randomly assigned to conditions 66 7th-grade Italian students with no previous experience in cooperative learning. They participated in 6 90-min instructional sessions dealing with the dangers of smoking, alcohol, and drugs.

The impact of size of cooperative group on achievement, social support, and self-esteem.

The effect of cooperative learning in pairs and groups of 4 and in individualistic learning were compared on achievement, social support, and self-esteem. Sixty-two Italian 7th-grade students with no previous experience with cooperative learning were assigned to conditions on a stratified random basis controlling for ability, gender, and self-esteem. Students participated in 1 instructional unit for 90 min for 6 instructional days during a period of about 6 weeks.