Anatomic conditions for bypass surgery between rostral (T7-T9) and caudal (L2, L4, S1) ventral roots to treat paralysis after spinal cord injury.

Severe spinal cord injuries cause permanent neurological deficits and are still considered as inaccessible to efficient therapy. Injured spinal cord axons are unable to spontaneously regenerate. Re-establishing functional activity especially in the lower limbs by reinnervation of the caudal infra-lesional territories might represent an effective therapeutic strategy.

Anatomy of the human orbital muscle (OM): Features of its detailed topography, syntopy and morphology.

The human orbital muscle (OM) is not readily accessible during ordinary anatomical teaching because of insufficient time and difficulties encountered in the preparation. Accordingly, its few anatomical descriptions are supported only by drawings, but not by photographs. The aim of this study was to present OM in dissected anatomic specimens in more detail.