Self-Limited Grafting of Sub-Monolayers via Diels-Alder Reaction on Glassy Carbon Electrodes: An Electrochemical Insight.

The grafting of molecular monolayers is critical for the functionalization of surfaces. In molecular electrochemistry, the surface modification of electrodes and the way molecules are attached to the electrode surface are highly critical to electron transfers and electrochemical reactions. In this paper, sub-monolayers were covalently grafted onto glassy carbon (GC) electrodes via Diels-Alder cycloaddition with two soluble dienophiles, that is, propargyl bromide and ethynyl ferrocene.

Biredox ionic liquids with solid-like redox density in the liquid state for high-energy supercapacitors.

Kinetics of electrochemical reactions are several orders of magnitude slower in solids than in liquids as a result of the much lower ion diffusivity. Yet, the solid state maximizes the density of redox species, which is at least two orders of magnitude lower in liquids because of solubility limitations. With regard to electrochemical energy storage devices, this leads to high-energy batteries with limited power and high-power supercapacitors with a well-known energy deficiency.

Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube/Cellulose Composite: From Aqueous Dispersions to Pickering Emulsions.

A mild and simple way to prepare stable aqueous colloidal suspensions of composite particles made of a cellulosic material (Sigmacell cellulose) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is reported. These suspensions can be dried and redispersed in water at pH 10.5.

Diacetylenes with Ionic-Liquid-Like Substituents: Associating a Polymerizing Cation with a Polymerizing Anion in a Single Precursor for the Synthesis of N-Doped Carbon Materials.

Imidazolium- and benzimidazolium-substituted diacetylenes with bromide or nitrogen-rich dicyanamide and tricyanomethanide anions were synthesized and used as precursors for the preparation of N-doped carbon materials. On pyrolysis under argon at 800 °C both halide precursors afforded graphite-like structures with nitrogen contents of about 8.5%.

Drug delivery systems based on pharmaceutically active ionic liquids and biocompatible poly(lactic acid).

Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) membranes containing pharmaceutically active ionic liquids (API-ILs) have been prepared by using a simple film casting from solvent evaporation method. Several sets of membranes were prepared from two different ionic liquids namely 1-methyl-3-butyl-imidazolium ibuprofenate (CMImIbu) and lidocainium ibuprofenate (LidIbu) with different API-IL contents. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Wide-Angle and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS and SAXS) revealed the strong influence of both the IL nature and content on the morphology and the crystallinity of the resulting PLLA.

Surfactant behavior of ionic liquids involving a drug: from molecular interactions to self-assembly.

Aggregates formed in an aqueous medium by three ionic liquids CnMImIbu made up of 1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium cation (n = 4, 6, 8) and ibuprofenate anion are investigated. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, and atom-scale molecular dynamics simulations are used to shed light on the main interactions governing the formation of the aggregates and their composition. At high concentration, mixed micelles are formed with a composition that depends on the imidazolium alkyl chain length.

Loading-Controlled Stiffening in Nanoconfined Ionic Liquids.

An important strategy for using ionic liquids is to immobilize them by impregnation of supports or incorporation into porous solids to obtain materials called "ionogels". Of considerable importance for applications (electrolyte membranes, supported catalysts, etc.), such confinement results in dramatic changes in the physicochemical properties of the ionic liquid.

Ionogels, ionic liquid based hybrid materials.

The current interest in ionic liquids (ILs) is motivated by some unique properties, such as negligible vapour pressure, thermal stability and non-flammability, combined with high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical stability window. However, for material applications, there is a challenging need for immobilizing ILs in solid devices, while keeping their specific properties. In this critical review, ionogels are presented as a new class of hybrid materials, in which the properties of the IL are hybridized with those of another component, which may be organic (low molecular weight gelator, (bio)polymer), inorganic (e.

Ionic liquid as plasticizer for europium(III)-doped luminescent poly(methyl methacrylate) films.

Flexible luminescent polymer films were obtained by doping europium(III) complexes in blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and the ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [C(6)mim][Tf(2)N]. Different europium(III) complexes have been incorporated in the polymer/ionic liquid matrix: [C(6)mim][Eu(nta)(4)], [C(6)mim][Eu(tta)(4)], [Eu(tta)(3)(phen)] and [choline](3)[Eu(dpa)(3)], where nta is 2-naphthoyltrifluoroacetonate, tta is 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetonate, phen is 1,10-phenanthroline, dpa is 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate (dipicolinate) and choline is the 2-hydroxyethyltrimethyl ammonium cation. Bright red photoluminescence was observed for all the films upon irradiation with ultraviolet radiation.

Ionogels as drug delivery system: one-step sol-gel synthesis using imidazolium ibuprofenate ionic liquid.

Ionogels containing imidazolium ibuprofenate have been shown to be an efficient drug releasing system with kinetics controlled by the nature of the silica wall.

Removal of dimethylsulfoxide from wastewater using mild oxidation with H2O2 over Ti-based catalysts.

The mild catalytic oxidation of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) into biodegradable dimethylsulfone is proposed as an efficient pretreatment of wastewaters subjected to biological treatment processes. A SiO(2)-TiO(2) mesoporous xerogel prepared by a non-hydrolytic route, as well as titanium silicalite TS-1 showed very good activity and stability in the catalytic oxidation of DMSO with H(2)O(2) in dilute aqueous solution, at room temperature.

Immobilization of ionic liquids in translucent tin dioxide monoliths by sol-gel processing.

SnO2 translucent monolith ionogels were obtained by a sol-gel processing using bis(2-methylbutan-2-oxy)di(pentan-2,4-dionato)tin as a precursor in the presence of various ionic liquids: [BMI][Br], [BMI][TFSI], [BMI][BF4]. The confinement of ionic liquids within the gels was evidenced by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, FTIR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. The ionic liquids could be efficiently washed off, which resulted in supermicroporous solids.

Lanthanide-doped luminescent ionogels.

Ionogels are solid oxide host networks confining at a meso-scale ionic liquids, and retaining their liquid nature. Ionogels were obtained by dissolving lanthanide(III) complexes in the ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [C6mim][Tf2N], followed by confinement of the lanthanide-doped ionic liquid mixtures in the pores of a nano-porous silica network. [C6mim][Ln(tta)4], where tta is 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetonate and Ln=Nd, Sm, Eu, Ho, Er, Yb, and [choline]3[Tb(dpa)3], where dpa=pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate (dipicolinate), were chosen as the lanthanide complexes.

Non-hydrolytic synthesis of mesoporous silica-titania catalysts for the mild oxidation of sulfur compounds with hydrogen peroxide.

A SiO(2)-TiO(2) mesoporous xerogel prepared in one-step by a non-hydrolytic route shows excellent performance in the mild oxidation of sulfides, sulfoxides and thiophenes with aqueous solutions of H(2)O(2).

A route to heat resistant solid membranes with performances of liquid electrolytes.

The confinement of ionic liquids within a porous silica matrix was performed by a one-step non-hydrolytic sol-gel route, leading to hybrid materials (called "ionogels") featuring both the mechanical and transparency properties of silica gels and the high ionic conductivity and thermal stability of ionic liquids.

Novel non-hydrolytic synthesis of a V2O5-TiO2 xerogel for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx by ammonia.

A vanadia-titania mesoporous xerogel (10.5 wt% V(2)O(5)) was prepared from chloride precursors using a one-step non-hydrolytic sol-gel route and subsequent drying at ambient pressure; after calcination at 773 K for 5 h no crystalline V(2)O(5) was detected and the resulting mixed oxide exhibited remarkable activity in the selective reduction of NO with NH(3).

Mixed 1D-2D inorganic polymeric zinc ferrocenylphosphonate: crystal structure and electrochemical study.

Needs for ferrocene immobilization on robust host structures are considerable since derivative materials may find applications in medical areas, optical devices, or catalysis. Synthesis of phosphonate functionalized ferrocene allowed its subsequent inorganic polymerization with a zinc salt. The crystallographic structure of the compound obtained, Zn(HO(3)PFc)(2).