Transpulmonary ultrasound dilution is an acceptable technique for cardiac output measurement in anesthetized pigs.

Objective: To evaluate cardiac output (CO) measurements using transpulmonary ultrasound (TPUD) technology and compare results with those of the gold standard, pulmonary arterial catheter thermodilution (PACTD), in 6 healthy anesthetized pigs during acute hemodynamic changes caused by manipulation of the blood volume.

Animals: 6 healthy male Landrace pigs.

Procedures: Over a period of 1 week, pigs were anesthetized with isoflurane, mechanically ventilated, and underwent instrumentation in dorsal recumbency.

Chest compression by two-thumb encircling method generates higher carotid artery blood flow in swine infant model of cardiac arrest.

Objective: Two-Thumb(TT) technique provides superior quality chest compressions compared with Two-Finger(TF) in an instrumented infant manikin. Whether this translates to differences in blood flow, such as carotid arterial blood flow(CABF), has not been evaluated. We hypothesized that TT-CPR generates higher CABF and Coronary Perfusion Pressure(CPP) compared with TF-CPR in a neonatal swine cardiac arrest model.

Cardiac Monitoring in Horses.

Monitoring variables of cardiac performance in horses is challenging owing to patient size, temperament, and anatomic peculiarities. Blood pressure is a major determinant of afterload, but it is not a reliable surrogate of cardiac performance and tissue perfusion. Cardiac output, together with arterial and venous oxygen content, provides insight as to the adequacy of delivery of blood and oxygen to the body as a whole and can be used to gauge the fluid responsiveness and cardiovascular status of the patient.

Use of a modified passive leg-raising maneuver to predict fluid responsiveness during experimental induction and correction of hypovolemia in healthy isoflurane-anesthetized pigs.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of a modified passive leg-raising maneuver (PLRM) to predict fluid responsiveness during experimental induction and correction of hypovolemia in isoflurane-anesthetized pigs. ANIMALS 6 healthy male Landrace pigs. PROCEDURES Pigs were anesthetized with isoflurane, positioned in dorsal recumbency, and instrumented.

Assessment of agreement among diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia for scoring the recovery of horses from anesthesia by use of subjective grading scales and development of a system for evaluation of the recovery of horses from anesthesia by use of accelerometry.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate agreement among diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia for scores determined by use of a simple descriptive scale (SDS) or a composite grading scale (CGS) for quality of recovery of horses from anesthesia and to investigate use of 3-axis accelerometry (3AA) for objective evaluation of recovery. ANIMALS 12 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES Horses were fitted with a 3AA device and then were anesthetized.

Perioperative Fluid Therapy.

Anesthesia can lead to pathophysiologic changes that dramatically alter the fluid balance of the body compartments and the intravascular space. Fluid administration can be monitored and evaluated using static and dynamic indexes. Guidelines for fluid rates during anesthesia begin with 3 mL/kg/h in cats and 5 mL/kg/h in dogs.

Ventricular Fibrillation-Induced Cardiac Arrest Results in Regional Cardiac Injury Preferentially in Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery Territory in Piglet Model.

. Decreased cardiac function after resuscitation from cardiac arrest (CA) results from global ischemia of the myocardium. In the evolution of postarrest myocardial dysfunction, preferential involvement of any coronary arterial territory is not known.

Assessment of hemostatic changes in a model of acute hemorrhage in dogs.

Objective: To evaluate hemostatic changes following experimental acute hemorrhage in dogs using traditional coagulation tests (eg, platelet count, prothrombin time [PT], and activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT]), kaolin-activated thromboelastography (TEG), and whole blood multiple electrode impedance platelet aggregometry.

Design: Prospective study.

Setting: Research laboratory.

Utstein-style guidelines on uniform reporting of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs and cats. A RECOVER statement.

Objective: To provide recommendations for reviewing and reporting clinical in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) events in dogs and cats and to establish nonambiguous operational definitions for CPR terminology.

Design: Consensus guidelines.

Setting: International, academia, referral practice, general practice, and human medicine.

In vitro evaluation of bursting pressure and intestinal luminal area of three jejunostomy tube placement techniques in dogs.

Objective: To compare pursestring, Witzel (seromuscular inversion), and seromuscular incision jejunostomy tube placement techniques in vitro.

Sample: Jejunal specimens from 10 dogs.

Procedures: Jejunal segments (50 cm) were harvested immediately prior to euthanasia from 10 mixed-breed dogs Specimens were harvested with the orad and aborad ends clamped and stored in saline (0.

Accuracy of calculated arterial saturation in oxygen in neonatal foals and effects of monitor, sensor, site of sensor placement, and degree of hypoxemia on the accuracy of pulse oximetry.

Objectives: To (1) assess the agreement between calculated values for arterial hemoglobin saturation of oxygen (SaO2 ) and values obtained by co-oximetry, (2) assess the accuracy of 2 pulse oximetry monitors for measurement of SaO2 in foals, and for each monitor, and (3) determine the optimal combination of sensor type and site of sensor placement for SaO2 monitoring.

Design: Prospective experimental study.

Setting: University teaching hospital.

Cardiopulmonary Effects of Laparoscopic Ovariectomy of Variable Duration in Cats.

Objective: To evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects of low-pressure (6 mmHg) peritoneal insufflation of varying duration in healthy cats during ovariectomy (OVE).

Study Design: Prospective, randomized study.

Animals: Female cats (n = 24).

Atrial septal pacing in small dogs: a pilot study.

Objective: To determine the feasibility of atrial septal pacing via a delivery catheter-guided small non-retracting helix pacing lead.

Animals: Six healthy beagles (8.3-12.

Comparison of cardiac output determined by an ultrasound velocity dilution cardiac output method and by the lithium dilution cardiac output method in juvenile horses with experimentally induced hypovolemia.

Objective: To assess the accuracy of an ultrasound velocity dilution cardiac output (UDCO) method, compared with that of the lithium dilution cardiac output (LiDCO) method, for determination of cardiac output (CO) in juvenile horses with experimentally induced hypovolemia.

Animals: 12 anesthetized 2- to 6-month-old horses.

Procedures: For each anesthetized horse, CO was determined by the LiDCO and UDCO methods prior to any intervention (baseline state), after withdrawal of approximately 40% of the horse's blood volume (low CO state), after maintenance of hypovolemia and infusion of norepinephrine until mean arterial blood pressure was equal to baseline value (high CO state), and after further infusion of norepinephrine and back-transfusion of withdrawn blood (posttransfusion state).

Thromboelastographic evaluation of hemostatic function in dogs treated for crotalid snake envenomation.

Objective: To characterize the overall hemostatic changes in dogs envenomated by crotaline snakes via kaolin-activated thromboelastography (TEG), and to determine any prognostic/monitoring value from a TEG tracing on presentation, as well as during treatment with antivenom therapy.

Design: Prospective observational, cohort study.

Setting: University teaching hospital and primary emergency hospital.

Evaluation of tissue oxygen saturation with near-infrared spectroscopy during experimental acute hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in dogs.

Objective: To evaluate tissue oxygen saturation (Sto2) by use of near-infrared spectroscopy in experimental acute hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in dogs.

Animals: 14 healthy adult purpose-bred Beagles.

Procedures: Dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane via facemask, anesthesia was maintained with propofol and rocuronium bromide, and dogs were mechanically ventilated to maintain normocapnia.

Comparison of surgical variables in cats undergoing single-incision laparoscopic ovariectomy using a LigaSure or extracorporeal suture versus open ovariectomy.

Objective: To evaluate the applicability of single-incision laparoscopic ovariectomy (SILOVE) in cats using a single-incision laparoscopic port (SILP); to compare surgical time, complications, and postoperative pain after SILOVE using a LigaSure (SILOVE-LS) or extracorporeal suture (SILOVE-ECS), and open ovariectomy (open-OVE).

Study Design: Randomized, blinded, prospective study.

Animals: Healthy, domestic female cats (n = 24).

Evaluation of electrical nerve stimulation for epidural catheter positioning in the dog.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of epidural catheter placement at different levels of the spinal cord guided solely by electrical nerve stimulation and resultant segmental muscle contraction.

Study Design: Prospective, experiment.

Animals: Six male and two female Beagles, age (1 ± 0.

Use of impedance threshold device in conjunction with our novel adhesive glove device for ACD-CPR does not result in additional chest decompression.

Objective: To evaluate the hemodynamic effects of using an adhesive glove device (AGD) to perform active compression-decompression CPR (AGD-CPR) in conjunction with an impedance threshold device (ITD) in a pediatric cardiac arrest model.

Design: Controlled, randomized animal study.

Methods: In this study, 18 piglets were anesthetized, ventilated, and continuously monitored.

Cardiac output monitoring in horses.

Cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood pumped out by the heart in 1 minute. Monitoring of CO can guide therapy and improve clinical outcome in critically ill patients and during anesthesia. Although there is increasing research into clinically useful methods of monitoring CO in equine patients, there are limitations to the available methods.

Effects of anesthetic drugs on canine splenic volume determined via computed tomography.

Objective: To evaluate effects of commonly used anesthetics administered as single bolus injections on splenic volume.

Animals: 10 adult Beagles.

Procedures: A randomized crossover study was conducted.

The effect of using an impedance threshold device on hemodynamic parameters during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs.

Objective: To investigate the hemodynamic effects following the use of an impedance threshold device (ITD) in a canine model of cardiopulmonary arrest.

Design: Experimental, randomized crossover study.

Setting: Cardiovascular research laboratory at a university veterinary center.

How to perform combined cutting balloon and high pressure balloon valvuloplasty for dogs with subaortic stenosis.

Subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS) is one of the most common congenital cardiac malformations in dogs. Unfortunately, the long term success rate and survival data following either open heart surgery or catheter based intervention has been disappointing in dogs with severe subaortic stenosis. Medical therapy is currently the only standard recommended treatment option.

Cardiopulmonary effects of a new inspiratory impedance threshold device in acute hemorrhagic shock in dogs.

Objective: To compare cardiovascular and respiratory effects of an inspiratory impedance threshold device (ITD) in dogs before and after induction of acute hemorrhagic shock.

Study Design: Prospective experimental randomized study.

Animals: Eight healthy adult dogs.