Effects of tempol on endothelial and vascular dysfunctions and insulin resistance induced by a high-fat high-sucrose diet in the rat.

We investigated the effects of treatment with tempol (an antioxidant) on vascular and metabolic dysfunction induced by a high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet. Rats were randomized to receive an HFHS or chow diet with or without tempol treatment (1.5 mmol·(kg body mass)(-1)·day(-1)) for 4 weeks.

Discordances among different tools used to estimate cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.

Background: New cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are being recognized and suggested to be included in CVD risk stratification. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) are among these risk factors. However, CVD risk classification may be divergent when using different approaches.

Regional body fat distribution and metabolic profile in postmenopausal women.

The aim of the study was to examine how body fat distribution variables were associated with metabolic parameters in a sample of 113 postmenopausal women not receiving hormone therapy (56.9 +/- 4.4 years, 28.

Endothelial and vascular dysfunctions and insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet.

This study was designed to examine the effects of a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diet on vascular and metabolic actions of insulin. Male rats were randomized to receive an HFHS or regular chow diet for 4 wk. In a first series of experiments, the rats had pulsed Doppler flow probes and intravascular catheters implanted to measure blood pressure, heart rate, and regional blood flows.

The WHO and NCEP/ATPIII Definitions of the Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women: Are They So Different?

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the metabolic risk profile in postmenopausal women characterized by either the metabolic syndrome (MS) as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) or the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII).

Methods: One hundred and eight postmenopausal women (56.9 +/- 4.

Relationship between eating behaviours and food and drink consumption in healthy postmenopausal women in a real-life context.

Associations between eating behaviours and dietary variables have not been thoroughly investigated in healthy postmenopausal women in a real life uncontrolled context. To investigate how eating behaviours (cognitive dietary restraint, disinhibition and susceptibility to hunger) were associated with food and drink consumption, energy density and meal pattern in 112 healthy postmenopausal women (age 56.8 (SD 4.

Safety and magnitude of changes in blood glucose levels following exercise performed in the fasted and the postprandial state in men with type 2 diabetes.

Background: Information on the extent to which acute exercise reduces blood glucose levels (BGL) in type 2 diabetes is lacking. For this reason, the effects of exercise initiated at different preexercise BGL were assessed in men with type 2 diabetes both in the fasted (FS) and the postprandial states (PS).

Design And Methods: Forty-three men with type 2 diabetes, 12 on diet alone and 31 on hypoglycaemic agents, completed a total of 1555 exercise sessions performed in the FS and 0-1, 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, and 5-8 h in the PS.

Measuring insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women covering a range of glucose tolerance: comparison of indices derived from the oral glucose tolerance test with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp.

This study compares indices of insulin sensitivity derived from fasting and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) glucose and insulin measurements, with respect to the reference measure (M/I), obtained from the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, in postmenopausal women with varying glucose tolerance status. Fasting plasma insulin index, homeostasis model assessment index, and OGTT-derived indices (insulin 120-minute, Matsuda, metabolic clearance rate [MCR] of glucose, insulin sensitivity [ISI], and Cederholm indices) were calculated and compared with the M/I value in 112 postmenopausal women. All indices examined were significantly correlated with M/I (0.

Circulating oxidized LDL is associated with parameters of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women.

Unlabelled: Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL) play a significant role in the development of atherosclerosis.

Objective: To investigate the relation between circulating ox-LDL and components of the metabolic syndrome (MS) in a sample of 124 postmenopausal women with varying glucose tolerance status.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included postmenopausal women not using hormone therapy.

Cholinergic involvement in vascular and glucoregulatory actions of insulin in rats.

This study was designed to test the glucose metabolic and vasodilator actions of insulin in rats and its relation to cholinergic system-dependent mechanisms. The first group of rats had pulsed Doppler flow probes and intravascular catheters implanted to determine blood pressure, heart rate, and regional blood flows. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique carried out in the absence or presence of atropine.

Effects of high-sucrose feeding on insulin resistance and hemodynamic responses to insulin in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of a sucrose diet on vascular and metabolic actions of insulin in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Male SHR were randomized to receive a sucrose or regular chow diet for 4 wk. Age-matched, chow-fed Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were used as normotensive control.

Physical training reverses the increased activity of the hepatic ketone body synthesis pathway in chronically diabetic rats.

This study was designed to examine whether the training-induced improvement in the plasma concentration of ketone bodies in experimental diabetes mellitus could be explained by changes in the activity of the hepatic ketone body synthesis pathway and/or the plasma free fatty acid levels. Diabetes mellitus was induced by an intravenous injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg), and training was carried out on a treadmill. The plasma concentration of beta-hydroxybutyric acid was increased (P < 0.

Relation of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and fibrinogen to abdominal adipose tissue, blood pressure, and cholesterol and triglyceride levels in healthy postmenopausal women.

The associations of inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], interleukin-6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and fibrinogen) with anthropometric and metabolic variables were examined in a sample of 112 postmenopausal women not receiving hormone therapy. Body fat distribution was measured by computed tomography, and insulin sensitivity was determined by an euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. hs-CRP (0.

Physical training reverses defect in 3-ketoacid CoA-transferase activity in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats.

To investigate one potential mechanism whereby physical training improves the plasma concentration of ketone bodies in experimental diabetes mellitus, we measured the activity of 3-ketoacid CoA-transferase, the key enzyme in the peripheral utilization of ketone bodies. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) and training carried out on a treadmill with a progressive 10-wk program. Diabetes resulted in an increase (P < 0.

Contribution of abdominal visceral obesity and insulin resistance to the cardiovascular risk profile of postmenopausal women.

The aim of this study was to determine the respective contribution of abdominal visceral adipose tissue (AT) accumulation and insulin resistance (IR) to the determination of a comprehensive cardiovascular metabolic risk profile in 108 postmenopausal women not receiving hormone therapy. Insulin sensitivity (M/I) was determined by a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and visceral AT area was measured by computed tomography. Median values of visceral AT (133.

Energy expenditure from physical activity and the metabolic risk profile at menopause.

Purpose: A sedentary lifestyle and visceral obesity are important risk factors for Type 2 diabetes and the development of cardiovascular disease, two conditions that are prevalent in women after menopause. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between daily energy expenditure from moderate to intense physical activity and several metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women not receiving hormone therapy (HT) and to verify whether these associations are independent of the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (AT).

Methods: Daily energy expenditure and frequency of participation in physical activity (kcal.

Associations between the fatty acid content of triglyceride, visceral adipose tissue accumulation, and components of the insulin resistance syndrome.

Many factors are involved in the development of the insulin resistance syndrome, such as visceral obesity and the type of dietary fat. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between fatty acid content of triglyceride (TG), visceral adipose tissue (AT) accumulation, and metabolic components of the insulin resistance syndrome in a group of 97 Caucasian men with a mean age of 45.1 +/- 7.

Effects of intense and prolonged exercise on insulin sensitivity and glycogen metabolism in hypertensive subjects.

Background: The information that insulin sensitivity and glycogen synthesis are reduced in hypertension arises primarily from studies using insulin infusions. Whether glycogen metabolism is actually altered in a physiological condition, such as during and after prolonged exercise, is currently unknown.

Methods And Results: To examine this issue, 9 hypertensive and 11 normotensive subjects were evaluated on a rest day and after intense and prolonged exercise on a separate day.

Effect of troglitazone on vascular and glucose metabolic actions of insulin in high-sucrose-fed rats.

In rats, diets high in simple sugar induce insulin resistance and alter vascular reactivity. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of 5 weeks treatment with troglitazone on insulin sensitivity, regional hemodynamics, and vascular responses to insulin in chow-fed and high-sucrose-fed rats. Male rats were randomly divided in 4 groups to receive a regular chow diet in the absence (group 1) or presence of troglitazone (0.

Effect of apoC-III gene polymorphisms on the lipoprotein-lipid profile of viscerally obese men.

Abdominal visceral adipose tissue (AT) accumulation is associated with an atherogenic metabolic profile that includes increased plasma triglyceride (TG), low HDL cholesterol levels, and an insulin-resistant hyperinsulinemic state. Whereas the apolipoprotein (apo) C-III C3238G gene variant, often referred to as the SstI polymorphism, has been related to variations in plasma TG concentrations, another variation within the insulin responsive element (C-482T) of the apoC-III gene has been associated with greater glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); however, these results were obtained in nonobese individuals. We therefore investigated the effects of three apoC-III gene polymorphisms, namely SstI, C-482T, and T-455C, on fasting plasma lipoprotein-lipid levels and response to a 75 g OGTT in a sample of 122 viscerally obese men (abdominal visceral AT area >or=130 cm(2)).

Induction of insulin resistance by high-sucrose feeding does not raise mean arterial blood pressure but impairs haemodynamic responses to insulin in rats.

1. This study was undertaken to further investigate the effects of a sucrose-enriched diet on vascular function and insulin sensitivity in rats. 2.

Effects of mild exercise on insulin sensitivity in hypertensive subjects.

Physical exercise increases insulin sensitivity in conditions associated with insulin resistance, such as obesity and diabetes, but little is known in this regard in hypertension. Whether postexercise changes in hemodynamics and/or changes in insulin-induced vasodilatation could contribute to a postexercise increase in insulin sensitivity in hypertensive subjects is unknown. We investigated the effects of acute physical exercise on insulin sensitivity in 10 hypertensive and 10 normotensive subjects during a control evaluation (CTRL), during lower body negative pressure (LBNP), after 30 minutes of mild bicycle exercise (POSTEX), and during LBNP after exercise (POSTEX+LBNP).

Impact of moderate aerobic exercise training on insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic men treated with oral hypoglycemic agents: is insulin sensitivity enhanced only in nonobese subjects?

Background: Few studies have evaluated the effect of aerobic physical training on insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes treated with oral hypoglycemic agents. Most studies that involved nonobese subjects showed enhanced insulin sensitivity whereas studies involving obese subjects with type 2 diabetes are inconsistent because of concomitant fat loss.

Material/methods: Thirteen men with type 2 diabetes (6 nonobese and 7 obese) treated with oral hypoglycemic agents carried out a 12-week ergocycle program at 60% VO2 peak, one hour thrice a week.

HDL particle size: a marker of the gender difference in the metabolic risk profile.

A low plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration is an important risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) and is often accompanied by increased triglyceride concentrations. Women have generally higher HDL-cholesterol and lower triglyceride concentrations and concomitantly are at lower risk of CHD than men. As HDL particle size is a new and potentially important marker of CHD risk, we have examined the potential gender difference in HDL particle size, assessed by nondenaturing 4-30% polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis, in a sample of men (n=231) and women (n=183).