Opioids for Ocular Pain - A Narrative Review.

Background: Refractive surgery is a common procedure, but may be associated with severe post-operative pain.

Objectives: To describe studies addressing the use of opioids for control of pain after ocular surgery, with an emphasis on refractive surgery.

Study Design: This is a narrative review of relevant articles on the physiology of corneal pain and the use of opioids for its treatment after surgery.

Surgical management of presbyopia.

Presbyopia, the gradual loss of accommodation that becomes clinically significant during the fifth decade of life, is a physiologic inevitability. Different technologies are being pursued to achieve surgical correction of this disability; however, a number of limitations have prevented widespread acceptance of surgical presbyopia correction, such as optical and visual distortion, induced corneal ectasia, haze, anisometropy with monovision, regression of effect, decline in uncorrected distance vision, and the inherent risks with invasive techniques, limiting the development of an ideal solution. The correction of the presbyopia and the restoration of accommodation are considered the final frontier of refractive surgery.