Instant catapult steam explosion combined with ammonia water: A complex technology for detoxification of aflatoxin-contaminated peanut cake with the aim of producing a toxicity-free and nutrients retention of animal feed.

Aflatoxin is one of the most toxic biotoxins found in contaminated agricultural products. It has strong mutagenicity, carcinogenesis and teratogenicity to humans and animals. In this study, instant catapult steam explosion combined with ammonia water was examined for its potential to degrade aflatoxin B in peanut cake in order to improve its utilization as a toxic-free animal feed.

Construction of a Synthetic Microbial Community for Enzymatic Pretreatment of Wheat Straw for Biogas Production via Anaerobic Digestion.

Biological pretreatment is a viable method for enhancing biogas production from straw crops, with the improvement in lignocellulose degradation efficiency being a crucial factor in this process. Herein, a metagenomic approach was used to screen core microorganisms (, , , and ) possessing lignocellulose-degrading abilities among samples from three environments: pile retting wheat straw (WS), WS returned to soil, and forest soil. Subsequently, synthetic microbial communities were constructed for fermentation-enzyme production.

Enhanced enzymatic sugar production from corn stover by combination of water extraction and glycerol-assisted instant catapult steam explosion.

Glycerol-assisted instant catapult steam explosion (ICSE) of lignocellulose is an effective pretreatment method for enhancing sugar production compared to glycerol-free ICSE. In this study, glycerol-assisted ICSE of corn stover was studied in order to understand the reaction mechanisms and further optimize the process. Results showed that water extraction of corn stover prior to ICSE reduced pseudo-lignin formation.

Construction of a synthetic microbial community based on multiomics linkage technology and analysis of the mechanism of lignocellulose degradation.

The efficient degradation of lignocellulose is a bottleneck for its integrated utilization. This research performed species analysis and made functional predictions in various ecosystems using multiomics coupling to construct a core synthetic microbial community with efficient lignocellulose degradation function. The synthetic microbial community was employed to degrade corn straw via solid-state fermentation.

Detoxication and bioconversion of aflatoxin B by yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor): A sustainable approach for valuable larval protein production from contaminated grain.

Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) is a supplementary protein source for food and feed and represents a promising solution to manage grain contaminated with Aflatoxin B (AFB). In this study, AFB present in different concentrations in wheat bran was treated and removed via bioconversion by yellow mealworm of different instars, with emphasis on the bioconversion performance and metabolism of AFB. Upon application of wheat bran spiked with 100 μg/kg AFB to 5th-6th instar yellow mealworms, the conversion rate of AFB was up to 87.

Biodegradation of Gramineous Lignocellulose by (Orthoptera: Acridoidea).

Exploring an efficient and green pretreatment method is an important prerequisite for the development of biorefinery. It is well known that locusts can degrade gramineous lignocellulose efficiently. Locusts can be used as a potential resource for studying plant cell wall degradation, but there are few relative studies about locusts so far.

Improvement of Nicotine Removal and Ethanol Fermentability From Tobacco Stalk by Integration of Dilute Sulfuric Acid Presoak and Instant Catapult Steam Explosion Pretreatment.

The nicotine from tobacco stalk showed obvious inhibitory effect on the activity of cellulase and fermentability of microorganisms, which seriously hinders the utilization of tobacco stalk. Dilute sulfuric acid presoak of tobacco stalk was used to enhance the performance of instant catapult steam explosion (ICSE) for tobacco stalk pretreatment. The presoak was beneficial to break the recalcitrant structure of tobacco stalk, reduce nicotine content to relieve the inhibition on the activity of cellulase and metabolism of microorganisms, and promote the performance of enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation.

An Engineered Thermostable Laccase with Great Ability to Decolorize and Detoxify Malachite Green.

Laccases can catalyze the remediation of hazardous synthetic dyes in an eco-friendly manner, and thermostable laccases are advantageous to treat high-temperature dyeing wastewater. A novel laccase from (Ghlac) was cloned and expressed in . Ghlac containing 263 residues was characterized as a functional laccase of the DUF152 family.

Reassessment of the role of CaCO in n-butanol production from pretreated lignocellulosic biomass by Clostridium acetobutylicum.

In this study, the role of CaCO in n-butanol production was further investigated using corn straw hydrolysate (CSH) media by Clostridium acetobutylicum CICC 8016. CaCO addition stimulated sugars utilization and butanol production. Further study showed that calcium salts addition to CSH media led to the increase in Ca concentration both intracellularly and extracellularly.

Effect of chlorogenic acid on alleviating inflammation and apoptosis of IPEC-J2 cells induced by deoxyniyalenol.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is extensively detected in many kinds of foods and feeds to harm human and animal health. This research aims to investigate the effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on alleviating inflammation and apoptosis of swine jejunal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) triggered by DON. The results demonstrated that cell viability was decreased when DON concentrations increased or incubation time expanded.

The 206 kbp mitochondrial genome of Phanerochaete carnosa reveals dynamics of introns, accumulation of repeat sequences and plasmid-derived genes.

In this study, the mitogenome of Phanerochaete carnosa was sequenced and assembled by the next-generation sequencing. The P. carnosa mitogenome was composed of circular DNA molecules, with a total size of 206,437 bp.

Effect of detoxification methods on ABE production from corn stover hydrolysate by Clostridium acetobutylicum CICC 8016.

In this study, effects of different single biomass derived inhibitors on acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) production by Clostridium acetobutylicum CICC 8016 were first investigated. The results showed that formic acid, coumaric acid, and furfural at 0.5 g/L (sodium formate equivalent) inhibited ABE production.

Effect of Compound Probiotics and Mycotoxin Degradation Enzymes on Alleviating Cytotoxicity of Swine Jejunal Epithelial Cells Induced by Aflatoxin B₁ and Zearalenone.

Zearalenone (ZEA) and aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) are two main kinds of mycotoxins widely existing in grain and animal feed that cause a lot of economic loss and health problems for animals and humans. In order to alleviate the cytotoxic effects of AFB₁ and ZEA on swine jejunal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2), the combination of a cell-free supernatant of compound probiotics (CFSCP) with mycotoxin degradation enzymes (MDEs) from was tested. The results demonstrated that coexistence of AFB₁ and ZEA had synergetic toxic effects on cell viability.

Enhanced production of succinic acid from methanol-organosolv pretreated Strophanthus preussii by recombinant Escherichia coli.

A biorefinery process for high yield production of succinic acid from biomass sugars was investigated using recombinant Escherichia coli. The major problem been addressed is utilization of waste biomass for the production of succinic acid using metabolic engineering strategy. Here, methanol extract of Strophanthus preussii was used for fermentation.

Availability of lignocellulose from forestry waste for use as a biofuel in China.

Biomass is a very important renewable energy and plays an important role in the energy structure of China. Here, the role of forestry waste in producing energy in China was analyzed and the availability of forestry waste for biofuel production, theoretically collectable amounts of forest biomass, and density of forestry waste were assessed. Agricultural and forestry waste are important biomass resources.

Expanding lysine industry: industrial biomanufacturing of lysine and its derivatives.

L-Lysine is widely used as a nutrition supplement in feed, food, and beverage industries as well as a chemical intermediate. At present, great efforts are made to further decrease the cost of lysine to make it more competitive in the markets. Furthermore, lysine also shows potential as a feedstock to produce other high-value chemicals for active pharmaceutical ingredients, drugs, or materials.

Biochemical properties of GH94 cellodextrin phosphorylase THA_1941 from a thermophilic eubacterium Thermosipho africanus TCF52B with cellobiose phosphorylase activity.

A hypothetic gene (THA_1941) encoding a putative cellobiose phosphorylase (CBP) from Thermosipho africanus TCF52B has very low amino acid identities (less than 12%) to all known GH94 enzymes. This gene was cloned and over-expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The recombinant protein was hypothesized to be a CBP enzyme and it showed an optimum temperature of 75 °C and an optimum pH of 7.

Effects of Lactobacillus casei and Enterococcus faecalis on growth performance, immune function and gut microbiota of suckling piglets.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of orally administrated Lactobacillus casei and Enterococcus faecalis on performance, immune function and gut microbiota of suckling piglets. Neonatal piglets (n = 120) were randomly assigned to 4 groups, with 30 suckling piglets in each group. The piglets were from 15 litters, one male and one female piglet were selected for each group in each litter.

Downregulation of Ethylene Production Increases Mycelial Growth and Primordia Formation in the Button Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Agaricomycetes).

Ethylene biosynthesis and function in Agaricus bisporus (the button mushroom) remain uncertain. The enzyme activities of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) were detectable in A. bisporus AS2796 and inhibited by α-aminooxyacetic acid and Co2+.

Genome-wide gene expression patterns in dikaryon of the basidiomycete fungus Pleurotus ostreatus.

Dikarya is a subkingdom of fungi that includes Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. The gene expression patterns of dikaryon are poorly understood. In this study, we bred a dikaryon DK13×3 by mating monokaryons MK13 and MK3, which were from the basidiospores of Pleurotus ostreatus TD300.

Synthesis and swelling behaviors of carboxymethyl cellulose-based superabsorbent resin hybridized with graphene oxide.

Well-dispersed graphene oxide sheets were successfully incorporated into a superabsorbent resin through in situ graft polymerization of acrylic acid on carboxymethyl cellulose backbone in the presence of graphene oxide as filler. The structure and properties of the resultant superabsorbent resin were studied in detail by means of a variety of characterization methods. The influence of the feed ratio of starting materials (such as GO, initiator, cross-linker, the ratio of CMC to AA and the neutralized degree of AA) and pH values on water absorbency and retention ability was extensively determined and discussed.

Diversity and resilience of the wood-feeding higher termite gut microbiota in response to temporal and diet variations.

Termites are considered among the most efficient bioreactors, with high capacities for lignocellulose degradation and utilization. Recently, several studies have characterized the gut microbiota of diverse termites. However, the temporal dynamics of the gut microbiota within a given termite with dietary diversity are poorly understood.

Comparative Gut Microbiomes of Four Species Representing the Higher and the Lower Termites.

Aiming at learning the association between the gut microbiota and termites with different diet habits and phylogenetic positions, the gut bacteria of three populations for each of the two higher termites (wood-feeding Mironasutitermes shangchengensis and fungus-feeding Odontotermes formosanus) and two wood-feeding lower termites (Tsaitermes ampliceps and Reticulitermes flaviceps) were analyzed by high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing of 16S V1-V3 amplicons. As results, 132 bacterial genera and some unidentified operational taxonomic units within 29 phyla in the gut bacteria were detected, with Spirochaetes (11-55%), Firmicutes (7-18%), Bacteroidetes (7-31%), and Proteobacteria (8-14%) as the main phyla, and Treponema, TG5, Dysgonomonas, Tannerella, za29, Lactococcus, Pseudomonas, and SJA-88 as the common genera in all the four termites. The diversity of gut bacterial communities in the higher termite guts was significantly greater than that in the lower termites; while the gut microbiota in M.

Variation in the Gut Microbiota of Termites (Tsaitermes ampliceps) Against Different Diets.

Termites are well recognized for their thriving on recalcitrant lignocellulosic diets through nutritional symbioses with gut-dwelling microbiota; however, the effects of diet changes on termite gut microbiota are poorly understood, especially for the lower termites. In this study, we employed high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing of 16S V1-V3 amplicons to compare gut microbiotas of Tsaitermes ampliceps fed with lignin-rich and lignin-poor cellulose diets after a 2-week-feeding period. As a result, the majority of bacterial taxa were shared across the treatments with different diets, but their relative abundances were modified.

Investigating the expression of F10 and G11 xylanases in Aspergillus niger A09 with qPCR.

There exist significant differences between the 2 main types of xylanases, family F10 and G11. A clear understanding of the expression pattern of microbial F10 and G11 under different culture conditions would facilitate better production and industrial application of xylanase. In this study, the fungal xylanase producer Aspergillus niger A09 was systematically investigated in terms of induced expression of xylanase F10 and G11.