Multi-System Complications after Intravenous Cocaine Abuse.

Background: Use and abuse of cocaine are associated with numerous adverse effects, independent of the route of administration. More severe conditions of poisoning, however, are observed after cocaine intravenous administration.

Aim: We present a case of severe poisoning after violent intravenous injection of cocaine, but with a good outcome.

The role of hemodialysis in treatment of acute acetic acid poisonings.

Introduction: The aim of this study is to show the importance of hemodialysis as an active method in treatment of acute acetic acid poisonings. Its main role is to support the renal function during the state of the intoxication when patients develop acute renal failure.

Methods: We analyzed data from a 10-year period, a total of 71 patients who ingested acetic acid, either intentionally or accidentally.

NUTRITIONAL THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE CORROSIVE INTOXICATION IN ADULTS.

Introduction: Acute intoxications with corrosive substances can cause severe chemical injuries of the upper gastrointestinal tract, most often located in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and duodenum. If a patient survives the acute phase of intoxication, regenerative response may result in esophageal and/or gastric stenosis, and increased risk of esophageal and gastric cancer. Such intoxication may be fatal due to perforation or tracheal necrosis.

Severe mushroom poisoning in one Macedonian family.

Background: Collecting and consuming wild mushrooms is a historical tradition in many European countries, including The Republic of Macedonia. This activity is predominantly performed in the period between June and October, when the weather is warm and humidity in the air and soil is at higher levels.The Amanita genus consists of 500 different species of mushrooms; among these, Amanita phaloides, Amanita virosa and Amanita verna are most commonly found in oak forests in our country.

The Presence of Some Humoral Immunologic Indicators and Clinical Manifestations in Cryoglobulin Positive Heroin Addicts without Evidence of Hepatitis Virus Infection.

Introduction: Cryoglobulins are single or mixed immunoglobulins that are subject to reversible precipitation at low temperatures.

Objective: The aims of this paper were: 1. Comparison of cryoglobulin positive (CP), cryoglobulin negative (CN) heroin addicts and the control group (CG) in terms of serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM and complement components C3 and C4; 2.

Influence of age on the survival and mortality rate in acute caustic poisonings.

Objective: Acute poisonings with caustic substances can cause severe chemical injuries to the upper gastrointestinal tract, which can be localized from the mouth to the small intestines. They are seen very often among young people in their most productive years. The aim of this study is to examine the influence of patient's age on the mortality rate and survival of patients with acute caustic poisonings, and also to analyze their correlation.

Acute unintentional intoxication with paraffin in a 25-year old patient - clinical case report.

"Fire-breathing" or "fire-eating" is a special kind of street art where the acts are always stunning, spectacular and amazing. People exhibiting this kind of show are professionals, not rare amateurs, who use different kind of fuels, usually hydrocarbons, in order to produce a pillar of fire. Intoxications caused by ingestion or inhalation of liquid paraffin, used as a fuel while performing, are numerous and various.

Respiratory complications from acute corrosive poisonings in adults.

Introduction: Acute corrosive poisonings are caused by ingestion of corrosive chemicals which are most commonly used as household agents. Intoxications with these kind of agents produce numerous and severe post-corrosive complications of the upper gastrointestinal tract. On the other hand, our experience showed that corrosive agents may also cause injuries of the respiratory system, which makes the treatment very hard and additionally complicates the severe clinical condition of the patient.

Severe renal function impairment in adult patients acutely poisoned with concentrated acetic acid.

Acetic acid is a widely used organic acid with corrosive properties that depend on its concentration. If acetic acid is ingested in concentrations above 30 % it may severely damage the upper gastrointestinal tract and cause intravascular haemolysis, which can result in severe kidney and liver disorders and disseminated intravascular coagulation. In this retrospective study, we analysed acetic acid ingestion data collected at the University Clinic for Toxicology of Skopje, Macedonia from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2011.

Heroin dependence duration influences the metabolic parameters: mechanisms and consequences of impaired insulin sensitivity in hepatitis C virus seronegative heroin dependents.

Objective: Carbohydrate metabolism disorder in heroin dependence is an issue with long history and contradicting results. The aim of the study was to evaluate basal insulin sensitivity in hepatitis C virus seronegative heroin dependents with normal body mass index, taking into consideration the duration of heroin dependence.

Method: 78 heroin dependents and 32 healthy controls were enrolled in the cross-sectional, prospective study.

Clinical and epidemiological features of acute corrosive poisonings.

Background: the ingestion of chemical agents, of caustic nature, represents a serious problem for clinical toxicology. If the ingestion doesn't cause death during the acute period, it will most often cause severe side effects in the upper gastrointestinal tract during the chronic phase.

Aims: The purpose of this study is to show the clinical, epidemiological and socio-economical characteristics seen in acute corrosive poisonings such as ingested caustic agents, causes for abuse and most consequential complications.

Evaluation of circulating immune complexes and antiphospholipid antibodies (anti beta 2 glycoprotein 1) in heroin addicts and their clinical significance.

Introduction: Earlier studies have reported that heroin might cause the structural and antigen changes on numerous tissues, organs and subsequent development of autoimmune reactions (production of antibodies and creation of immune complexes) as a result the immunotoxic effect of heroin. The aims of our study were to: a) Evaluate CIC and antibeta2GP1 in heroin addicts; b) Correlate between the values of the obtained CIC and antibeta2GP1 (stratified by the duration and route of heroin application); c) Compare the CIC and antibeta2GP1 in heroin addicts and the control group and d) Assess the clinical importance of CIC and antibeta2GP1 in heroin addicts.

Patients And Methods: This was a cross-sectional study performed at the University Clinic of Toxicology and the Institute of Transfusiology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.

Program of the university clinic of toxicology, skopje, republic of macedonia in treatment of drug addiction (buprenorfin treatment protocol).

The program of our Clinic includes, not only treatment of acute intoxication with opioids and other drugs, but also comprehends clinical investigations and treatment of the somatic complications of this population. For the first time in our country our Clinic offers to this population the alternative way of treatment with Buprenorfin. The Clinic started with this protocol on August 1, 2009.