T2-fluid attenuated inversion recovery mismatch in tumefactive multiple sclerosis.

The T2-fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) mismatch sign has been suggested as an imaging marker of isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant 1p/19q non-codeleted gliomas with 100% specificity. Tumefactive demyelination is a common mimic of neoplasm that has led to unnecessary biopsies and even resections. We report a case of tumefactive multiple sclerosis in a 46-year-old male without prior symptomatic demyelinating episodes that demonstrates the T2-FLAIR mismatch sign.

Characteristics and Outcomes of Lung Cancers Detected on Low-Dose Lung Cancer Screening CT.

Background: Lung cancer screening (LCS) with low-dose CT (LDCT) was implemented in the United States following the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST). The real-world benefits of implementing LCS are yet to be determined with outcome-oriented data. The study objective is to investigate the characteristics and outcomes of screening-detected lung cancers.

Imaging Considerations in Spinal Cord Evaluation.

Multiple diverse pathologies result in the clinical presentation of myelopathy. The preferred way to image the spinal cord depends on clinical history, anatomic site of interest, and patient issues limiting certain imaging modalities. This radiology-focused article discusses pertinent physiological considerations, reviews basic and newer imaging techniques, and examines several distinct disease entities in order to highlight the key role of imaging in the work-up of myelopathy.

The nonhuman primate hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis is an orchestrator of programming-aging interactions: role of nutrition.

Developmental programming alters life-course multi-organ function and significantly affects life-course health. Recently, interest has developed in how programming may influence the rate of aging. This review describes interactions of nutrition and programming-aging interactions in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) development and function from fetal development to old age.

Clinical and Imaging Features of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer in Young Patients.

Background: Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in young adult patients is rare, with scarce data available in patients aged < 40 years and even less in those aged < 35 years. Our goal was to determine the presenting symptoms, clinicopathologic characteristics, and imaging features of young patients with NSCLC at time of diagnosis and compare them to those of older adults.

Patients And Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records and imaging of young patients (≤ 40 years old) with NSCLC treated at our institution between 1998 and 2018.

Clinical and imaging features predict mortality in COVID-19 infection in Iran.

The new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has challenged many healthcare systems around the world. While most of the current understanding of the clinical features of COVID-19 is derived from Chinese studies, there is a relative paucity of reports from the remaining global health community. In this study, we analyze the clinical and radiologic factors that correlate with mortality odds in COVID-19 positive patients from a tertiary care center in Tehran, Iran.

Target-specific yield rate and clinical utility of percutaneous tissue sampling in spinal infection.

Background: Percutaneous tissue sampling in spondylodiscitis is frequently performed but with highly variable yield in literature and unclear clinical impact. Factors that influence the culture success rate are not well established.

Objective: To determine target specific yield and clinical impact of percutaneous biopsy in clinically and imaging diagnosed spinal infection and factors that may influence the yield rate.

Not hepatic infarction: Cold quadrate sign.

A 50-year-old male presented with bilateral lower extremity plain is found to have a wedge-shape hypodense region in the hepatic quadrate lobe. The hypoenhancement was thought to be a result of systemic-portal venous shunting due to IVC obstruction, a "cold" version of the classically described hot quadrate sign. Follow-up CT confirmed the diagnosis.

Association between circulating tumor DNA burden and disease burden in patients with ALK-positive lung cancer.

Background: Plasma genotyping is an emerging approach for the identification of genetic alterations mediating resistance to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-targeted therapy. The authors reviewed plasma genotyping and imaging findings to assess the correlation between circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) burden and disease burden in patients with ALK-positive lung cancer.

Methods: The authors analyzed 97 plasma specimens from 75 patients with ALK-positive lung cancer to identify ALK and non-ALK alterations.

Perinatal maternal undernutrition does not result in offspring capillary rarefaction in the middle-aged male baboon at rest.

Microvascular health is a main determinant of coronary blood flow reserve and myocardial vascular resistance. Extracardiac capillary abnormality has been reported in subjects at increased coronary heart disease risk, such as prehypertension, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. We have reported cardiovascular dysfunction in a cohort of maternal nutrient reduction (MNR)-induced intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) baboon offspring.

Vascular magnetic resonance angiography techniques.

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) denotes a unique option for the evaluation of peripheral vasculature due to its noninvasive nature, lack of ionizing radiation exposure, potential for non-contrast examination, and ability for generating volumetric representations that showcase vascular pathology. The constant evolution of the available MRA techniques, however, makes understanding and determining an optimal imaging protocol difficult. Here we present a brief overview of the major MRA sequence options, their major weaknesses and strengths, and related imaging considerations.

Systematic review of civilian intravascular ballistic embolism reports during the last 30 years.

Background: Intravascular ballistic embolization is a rare complication of missile injury. Because of its rarity, much remains to be known about its presentation, pathophysiology, complications, and management. In this study, we analyze case reports of ballistic embolization in the last 30 years and available cases from our institution to determine the likely patient, the nature of the embolization, the possible complications, and a general management strategy.

Ageing changes in biventricular cardiac function in male and female baboons (Papio spp.).

Key Points: Life course changes in cardiovascular function in a non-human primate have been comprehensively characterized. Age-related declines in normalized left ventricular stroke volume and cardiac output were found with corresponding decreases in biventricular ejection fractions and filling rates. There were age-related decreases in male and female baboon normalized left ventricular myocardial mass index, which declined at similar rates.

Antenatal Synthetic Glucocorticoid Exposure at Human Therapeutic Equivalent Doses Predisposes Middle-Age Male Offspring Baboons to an Obese Phenotype That Emerges With Aging.

Introduction: Women threatening premature delivery receive synthetic glucocorticoids (sGC) to accelerate fetal lung maturation, reducing neonatal mortality and morbidity. Few investigations have explored potential long-term offspring side effects. We previously reported increased pericardial fat and liver lipids in 10-year-old (human equivalent 40 years) male baboons exposed to 3 antenatal sGC courses.

Efficacy and safety of antenatal steroids.

Antenatal steroids (ANS) are among the most important and widely utilized interventions to improve outcomes for preterm infants. A significant body of evidence demonstrates improved outcomes in preterm infants (24-34 wk) delivered between 1 and 7 days after the administration of a single course of ANS. Moreover, ANS have the advantage of being widely available, low cost, and easily administered via maternal intramuscular injection.

Sex-dimorphic acceleration of pericardial, subcutaneous, and plasma lipid increase in offspring of poorly nourished baboons.

Developmental programming by reduced maternal nutrition alters function in multiple offspring physiological systems, including lipid metabolism. We have shown that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) leads to offspring cardiovascular dysfunction with an accelerated aging phenotype in our nonhuman primate, baboon model. We hypothesized age-advanced pericardial fat and blood lipid changes.

The Radiologic and Pathologic Diagnosis of Biphasic Pulmonary Blastoma.

Pulmonary blastomas are rare malignancies, representing 0.25% to 0.5% of all primary lung neoplasms with often aggressive progression and poor prognosis.

Intrauterine growth restriction results in persistent vascular mismatch in adulthood.

Key Points: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) increases offspring risk of chronic diseases later in life, including cardiovascular dysfunction. Our prior studies suggest biventricular cardiac dysfunction and vascular impairment in baboons who were IUGR at birth because of moderate maternal nutrient reduction. The current study reveals changes in artery sizes, distensibility, and blood flow pattern in young adult IUGR baboons, which may contribute to cardiac stress.

Premature Brain Aging in Baboons Resulting from Moderate Fetal Undernutrition.

Contrary to the known benefits from a moderate dietary reduction during adulthood on life span and health, maternal nutrient reduction during pregnancy is supposed to affect the developing brain, probably resulting in impaired brain structure and function throughout life. Decreased fetal nutrition delivery is widespread in both developing and developed countries, caused by poverty and natural disasters, but also due to maternal dieting, teenage pregnancy, pregnancy in women over 35 years of age, placental insufficiency, or multiples. Compromised development of fetal cerebral structures was already shown in our baboon model of moderate maternal nutrient reduction.