[Prostatic high resolution micro-ultrasound (MUS) imaging.].

Objective: Prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis has improved with multiparametric magnetic resonance (mpMRI) and new more specific biomarkers. However, mpMRI has some limitations such as variability, long learning curve and high cost. More progress is needed in the PCa diagnosis scenario, and it is here where high resolution micro-ultrasound (MUS) imaging system emerge.

How to build a robotic program.

Objective: Advancements in the robotic surgical technology have revolutionized the standard of care for many surgical procedures. The purpose of this review is to focus on the different issues involved in developmental phase of starting a robotic program and to evaluate the important considerations in developing this program at a given healthcare institution.

Methods & Results: Although every hospital might desire a robotic program, there are many requirements needed to uphold a successful and self-sustainable program in the current healthcare market.

[BCG therapy in NMIBC: How much and for how long?.].

Bladder cancer is the 9th most prevalent cancer in the world. It is divided into muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and non muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Over 75% belong to the second group and it will be classified according to the risk of progression and recurrence.

[Current status of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in urinary lithiasis.].

Over the last decade, urinary lithiasis' prevalence has dramatically increased due to diet and lifestyle changes, growing 10.6% and 7.1% in men and women respectively.

[Testosterone and coronary artery disease].

Unlabelled: Elderly patients present testosterone deficit syndrome (TDS) in a prevalent manner. TDS is defined as a clinical and biochemical syndrome with total fasting testosterone below normal levels in two consecutive measurements. A significant relationship with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, obesity or metabolic syndrome has been observed in these patients.

Linguistic and psychometric validation of the Erection Hardness Score to Spanish.

Introduction: The Erection Hardness Score (EHS) is a one-item questionnaire that assesses rigidity on a 4-point scale.

Aim: To perform a validation of a Spanish version of the EHS by comparison with the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire.

Methods: Validation of the EHS included: (i) professional translation of the scale; (ii) scientific evaluation of the translation from four independent urologists; (iii) assessment on five individuals to test correct comprehension and idiomatic adequacy (iv) validation of the EHS by a cross-sectional, multicenter comparison with the IIEF.

[Vascular erectile dysfunction].

Vascular etiology is present in up to 60% of the patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). Both small vessel disease, such as that in diabetes mellitus, and arteriosclerosis of bigger size arteries, as in hypertension, cause arterial insufficiency and erectile dysfunction. Tobacco smoking alters the arterial hemodynamics in the penis, causing erectile dysfunction in a high percentage of advanced age smokers: pelvic arteries fibrosis and stenosis accelerates the existing arteriosclerosis.

[New position for laparoscopic pyeloplasty. Our experience].

Objectives: To share our experience performing laparoscopic pyeloplasty and our contributions to this surgery.

Methods: Between March 2004 and January 2006 we have performed 12 laparoscopic pyeloplasties in 12 patients. We modified our technique as we found difficulties during operations.

[Robotic renal surgery: pyeloplasty].

The treatment of ureteropyelic junction (UPJ) obstruction offers a perfect sketch of the parallel evolution of the availability of technology and changes in surgical proceedings. From the open Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty, passing through percutaneous or retrograde endopyelothomy with various instruments, to the laparoscopic approach, technology and human talent have found a field for development in this reconstructive procedure. Robotic surgery is young and starts to define its role in urology surgery.