The Prognostic Value of Proliferative Activity in Cutaneous Melanoma: A Pilot Study Evaluating the Mitotic Rate and Ki67 Index to Predict Patient Outcomes.

Proliferative activity in cutaneous melanomas can be appreciated both histopathologically by counting mitotic figures and immunohistochemically through the Ki67 index, but the prognostic value of each method is still a matter of debate. In this context, we performed a retrospective study on 33 patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanomas between 2013 and 2018 in order to evaluate progression-free survival and overall survival. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was performed by considering both clinical histopathological and immunohistochemical features.

Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors: New Approaches in Classification, Diagnosis and Therapy.

Adenohypophysal pituitary tumors account for 10-15% of all intracranial tumors, and 25-55% display signs of invasiveness. Nevertheless, oncology still relies on histopathological examination to establish the diagnosis. Considering that the classification of pituitary tumors has changed significantly in recent years, we discuss the definition of aggressive and invasive tumors and the latest molecular criteria used for classifying these entities.

The Impact of Clinical and Histopathological Factors on Disease Progression and Survival in Thick Cutaneous Melanomas.

Thick cutaneous melanomas (Breslow depth > 4 mm) are locally advanced tumors, generally associated with poor prognosis. Nevertheless, these tumors sometimes display unpredictable behavior. This study aims to analyze clinical and histopathological features that can influence the prognosis of thick melanomas.

The Polyvalent Role of CD30 for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment.

CD30, also known as TNFRSF8 (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8), is a protein receptor that is heavily glycosylated inside the Golgi apparatus, as well as a tumor marker that is found on the surface of specific cells in the body, including certain immune cells and cancer ones. This review aims to shed light on the critical importance of CD30, from its emergence in the cell to its position in diagnosing various diseases, including Hodgkin lymphoma, where it is expressed on Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells, as well as embryonal carcinoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). In addition to its role in positive diagnosis, targeting CD30 has been a promising approach treating CD30-positive lymphomas, and there is ongoing research into the potential use of CD30-targeted therapies for autoimmune disorders.

Primary Undifferentiated/Dedifferentiated Cutaneous Melanomas-A Review on Histological, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Features with Emphasis on Prognosis and Treatment.

Diagnosing cutaneous melanoma is usually straightforward based on these malignancies' histopathological and immunohistochemical features. Nevertheless, melanomas can imitate various other neoplasms, sometimes lacking the expression of conventional melanocytic markers and expressing non-melanocytic ones. Furthermore, divergent differentiation is more often encountered in metastatic melanomas and is still poorly described in primary cutaneous melanomas, and little is known about these patients' prognosis and therapeutic approach.

Pathogenic Insights into DNA Mismatch Repair (MMR) Genes-Proteins and Microsatellite Instability: Focus on Adrenocortical Carcinoma and Beyond.

DNA damage repair pathways, including mismatch repair (MMR) genes, are prone to carcinoma development in certain patients. The assessment of the MMR system is widely recognized as part of strategies concerning solid tumors (defective MMR cancers), especially MMR proteins (through immunohistochemistry), and molecular assays for microsatellite instability (MSI). We aim to highlight the status of MMR genes-proteins (including MSI) in the relationship with ACC (adrenocortical carcinoma) according to current knowledge.

Preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules - Diagnosis and management strategies.

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, with increasing incidence over the past few decades. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is the gold standard for preoperative diagnosis of thyroid malignancies. Nevertheless, this method renders indeterminate results in up to 30% of the cases.

The Complex Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Spectrum of Neuroendocrine Tumors-An Overview of the Latest Classifications.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) originate from the neuroendocrine cell system, which may either take the shape of organoid cell aggregations or be composed of dispersed cells across various organs. Therefore, these tumors are heterogenous regarding the site of origin, functional status, degree of aggressiveness, and prognosis. When treating patients with neuroendocrine tumors, one of the most significant challenges for physicians is determining the correct tumor grade and thus classifying patients into risk categories.

Fatty Acids, CD36, Thrombospondin-1, and CD47 in Glioblastoma: Together and/or Separately?

Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive tumors of the central nervous system, characterized by a wide range of inter- and intratumor heterogeneity. Accumulation of fatty acids (FA) metabolites was associated with a low survival rate in high-grade glioma patients. The diversity of brain lipids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), is greater than in all other organs and several classes of proteins, such as FA transport proteins (FATPs), and FA translocases are considered principal candidates for PUFAs transport through BBB and delivery of PUFAs to brain cells.

Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy: The Delicate Balance between Too Much or Too Little Antithyroid Drug.

Unlabelled: Overt hyperthyroidism (HT) during pregnancy is associated with a risk of maternal-fetal complications. Antithyroid drugs (ATD) have a potential risk for teratogenic effects and fetal-neonatal hypothyroidism. This study evaluated ATD treatment and thyroid function control during pregnancy, and pregnancy outcome in women with HT.

Anorexia nervosa: COVID-19 pandemic period (Review).

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by restrictive eating and an intense fear of gaining weight. It is a disease with an increasing incidence during the last few decades, and represents a complex psychiatric condition which includes secondary amenorrhea, nutritional and metabolic damage, and impaired endocrine panel up to bone loss as well as cardiac, gastrointestinal and hematological complications. This is a narrative review which includes an update on this eating disorder from the perspective of an endocrine panel of anomalies, especially of the skeleton, considering the pressure of the recent global COVID-19 pandemic changes.

COVID-19-related thyroid conditions (Review).

In patients who were not previously diagnosed with any thyroid conditions, the scenario of COVID-19-related anomalies of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axes may include either: A process of central thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) disturbances via virus-related hypophysitis; an atypical type of subacute thyroiditis which is connected to the virus spread or to excessive cytokine production including a destructive process with irreversible damage of the gland or low T3 (triiodothyronine) syndrome (so called non-thyroid illness syndrome) which is not specifically related to the COVID-19 infection, but which is associated with a very severe illness status. Our objective here was to briefly review thyroid changes due to the COVID-19 infection. Ongoing assessment of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic will reveal more information on coronavirus-induced thyroid conditions.

CD36 and CD97 in Pancreatic Cancer versus Other Malignancies.

Starting from the recent identification of CD36 and CD97 as a novel marker combination of fibroblast quiescence in lung during fibrosis, we aimed to survey the literature in search for facts about the separate (or concomitant) expression of clusters of differentiation CD36 and CD97 in either tumor- or pancreatic-cancer-associated cells. Here, we provide an account of the current knowledge on the diversity of the cellular functions of CD36 and CD97 and explore their potential (common) contributions to key cellular events in oncogenesis or metastasis development. Emphasis is placed on quiescence as an underexplored mechanism and/or potential target in therapy.

Abdominal wall endometriosis (a narrative review).

One of the rarest forms of endometriosis is abdominal wall endometriosis (AWE), which includes caesarean scar endometriosis. AWE remains a challenging condition because some issues related to this topic are still under debate. The increasing number of caesarean sections and laparotomies will expect to increase the rate of AWE.

Ovarian Sertoli cell tumours: practical points.

Rarity of Sertoli cell tumours contributes to a low index of suspicion and therefore a thorough knowledge of the clinicopathological and immunological characteristics of such tumours is essential to diagnosis and proper management of the treatment and follow-up. The current narrative review of literature was planned to focus on ovarian Sertoli cell tumours that arise from the sex cords cells, which are typically benign unilateral neoplasia incidentally detected, or associated with hormonal hyperactivity, in women of reproductive age. A priory unpublished case of a 35-year old female is also introduced as the base of discussion Abdominal massrelated syndrome and vaginal bleeding anomalies have been reported.

Cystic appearance - a new feature of solid fibrous tumours in the lacrimal gland: a case report with literature review.

Background: Solitary fibrous tumours (SFTs) rarely occur in the orbit, especially in the lacrimal area. These tumours are mostly solid. Cystic changes have been documented, but they remain very rare.

Acanthosis nigricans: To be or not to be afraid.

Acanthosis nigricans (AN), a skin disorder with high prevalence, represents a dermatological condition with esthetic implications, but otherwise mild symptoms. For any clinician, it is in fact the tip of the iceberg, leading him/her to investigate what lies beneath the surface, since AN points to a systemic problem or disease: metabolic disorder (most frequently), endocrine syndrome, medication side effects, malignancy, and genetic factors. Sometimes, it is the first observed sign of a malignancy or of diabetes mellitus, especially in patients with chronic metabolic disorder; therefore, it is not to be taken lightly.

Angiogenesis in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma - proteomic approaches.

Neoangiogenesis plays an important role in cutaneous lymphoma pathogenesis. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is characterized by the presence of malignant T-cell clones in the skin. Vascular microenvironment of lymphomas accelerates neoangiogenesis through several factors released by tumoral cells: VEGF family, bFGF and PIGF.

Incidentaloma: from general practice to specific endocrine frame.

Incidentaloma, a modern concept connected to technology progress, represents an accidentally discovered tumour, usually used for hypophysis and adrenals, and rarely for thyroid, parathyroids, and ovaries. This is a narrative review based on PubMed research, between 2012 and 2016 focusing on general and endocrine approach and current controversies. Main dilemma is the terminology itself: randomly imagery finding is enough or non-functioning profile and low-growth rate (not requiring surgery) should be mandatory? The controversies refers to best time framing of re-scanning pituitary and adrenal incidentaloma and setting of clear criteria for subclinical Cushing's syndrome.

Cystic adrenal lesions: focus on pediatric population (a review).

Background And Aim: The cysts may potentially affect any organ; adrenals cysts are rare. This is a review of the literature regarding adrenal cysts, focusing on children and young adults.

General Data: Three major types have been described: pure cysts (endothelial, epithelial, and hemorrhagic or pseudocyst), parasitic (as hydatid) cysts and cystic part of a tumour (most frequent are neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma, pheocromocytoma, and teratoma).

From syncope episode to the diagnosis of ovarian dermoid cyst associated with a cystadenoma.

Ovarian teratoma has various presentations. We present a 28-year female diagnosed with a tumour after a fainting episode. Medical history was non-contributory except for mild intermittent pelvic pain.

Leydig cell tumors of the testis: a case report.

Background: Leydig cell tumors are the most common non-germ cell gonadal tumors with apparent increased incidence in the last few years. They are usually benign tumors. We report a case of Leydig cell tumor of testis in a patient presenting atypical features.

Ovarian adult stem cells: hope or pitfall?

For many years, ovarian biology has been based on the dogma that oocytes reserve in female mammals included a finite number, established before or at birth and it is determined by the number and quality of primordial follicles developed during the neonatal period. The restricted supply of oocytes in adult female mammals has been disputed in recent years by supporters of postnatal neo-oogenesis. Recent experimental data showed that ovarian surface epithelium and cortical tissue from both mouse and human were proved to contain very low proportion of cells able to propagate themselves, but also to generate immature oocytes in vitro or in vivo, when transplanted into immunodeficient mice ovaries.