5-Azacytidine treatment inhibits the development of lung cancer models via epigenetic reprogramming and activation of cellular pathways with anti-tumor activity.

Background And Aims: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment is challenged by late detection and limited therapeutic options. Aberrant DNA methylation, a common epigenetic alteration in NSCLC, offers new therapeutic avenues. This study aims to evaluate the combined effects of 5-Azacytidine (5-Aza), an epigenetic modifier, and ionizing radiation (IR) on NSCLC, exploring the underlying molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential.

Small molecules targeting microRNAs: new opportunities and challenges in precision cancer therapy.

Noncoding RNAs, especially miRNAs, play a pivotal role in cancer initiation and metastasis, underscoring their susceptibility to precise modulation via small molecule inhibitors. This review examines the innovative strategy of targeting oncogenic miRNAs with small drug-like molecules, an approach that can reshape the cancer treatment landscape. We review the current understanding of the multifaceted roles of miRNAs in oncogenesis, highlighting emerging therapeutic paradigms that have the potential to expand cancer treatment options.

The carcinogenic capacity of arsenic in normal epithelial breast cells and double-positive breast cancer cells.

Background And Aims: The carcinogenic effect of arsenic is a subject of controversy in relation to breast cancer. In our current research, we aimed to simulate the effects of chronic low-level arsenic exposure on breast cells by intoxicating MCF-10A and MCF-7 cells with 1 μM Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) for 3 weeks (3w) and 6 weeks (6w), respectively.

Methods: We assessed the cellular responses to As2O3 through various assays, including confocal fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis, Transwell invasion assay, scratch assay, and colony assay.

miRNA patterns in male LUSC patients - the 3-way mirror: Tissue, plasma and exosomes.

Lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. It is classified into two main histological groups: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer. Improving the outcome of cancer patients could be possible by enhancing the early diagnosis.

Differential effect of the duration of exposure on the carcinogenicity of cadmium in MCF10A mammary epithelial cells.

The carcinogenic role of cadmium (Cd) in breast cancer is still debatable. Current data points to duration of exposure as the most important element. In our study, we designed an in vitro model to investigate the effects of 3 weeks versus 6 weeks of low-level CdCl exposure on MCF10A cells.

Synergistic Effect of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor in the Mobilization of HSPCs Improves Overall Survival After PBSCT in a Preclinical Murine Model. Are We Far Enough for Therapy?

Strategies to improve hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) mobilization from the bone marrow can have a pivotal role in addressing iatrogenic bone-marrow insufficiency from chemo(radio)therapy and overcoming peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) limitations such as insufficient mobilization. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) represents the standard mobilization strategy for HSPC and has done so for more than three decades since its FDA approval. Its association with non-G-CSF agents is often employed for difficult HSPC mobilization.

MicroRNAs expression profile in chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity in NSCLC using a co-culture model.

Clinical application of chemotherapy in lung cancer is constrained by side effects, notably cardiotoxicity, the mechanisms of which remain elusive. This study assessed the potential of specific miRNAs as biomarkers for chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity in lung cancer. We employed two lung adenocarcinoma cell lines (Calu6 and H1792) and ventricular normal human cardiac fibroblasts (NHCF-V) in single and co-culture experiments.

17β-estradiol promotes extracellular vesicle release and selective miRNA loading in ERα-positive breast cancer.

The causes and consequences of abnormal biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are not yet well understood in malignancies, including in breast cancers (BCs). Given the hormonal signaling dependence of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) BC, we hypothesized that 17β-estradiol (estrogen) might influence EV production and microRNA (miRNA) loading. We report that physiological doses of 17β-estradiol promote EV secretion specifically from ER+ BC cells via inhibition of miR-149-5p, hindering its regulatory activity on SP1, a transcription factor that regulates the EV biogenesis factor nSMase2.

Discovering the Biological Significance and Therapeutic Potential of miR-29b-3p in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

The lack of estrogen or progesterone receptors and absence of amplification/overexpression in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) restricts therapeutic options used in clinical management. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding transcripts which affect important cellular mechanisms by regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Among this class, attention was focused on miR-29b-3p with a high profile in TNBC and correlated with the overall survival rates, as TCGA data revealed.

The Effect of Different Anesthetic Techniques on Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Gene Expression in Colon Cancer Cells: A Pilot In Vitro Study.

Background: Colorectal cancer is highly common and causes high mortality rates. Treatment for colorectal cancer is multidisciplinary, but in most cases the main option remains surgery. Intriguingly, in recent years, a number of studies have shown that a patient's postoperative outcome may be influenced by certain anesthetic drugs.

Co-delivery of gemcitabine and salinomycin in PEGylated liposomes for enhanced anticancer efficacy against colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer remains one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in both developed and emerging countries. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cells within the tumor mass harboring stem cell characteristics, considered responsible for tumor initiation, growth, relapse, and treatment failure. Lately, it has become clear that both CSCs and non-CSCs have to be eliminated for the successful eradication of cancer.

Salivary Exosomal MicroRNA-486-5p and MicroRNA-10b-5p in Oral and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

: The research aimed at evaluating the capacity of salivary exosomal miR-10b-5p and miR-486-5p for oral and oropharyngeal cancer detection. : The saliva samples were harvested from histopathological diagnosed oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients and healthy volunteer subjects. The exosomes were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation and quantified by Nano Track Analysis.

Circulating Small EVs miRNAs as Predictors of Pathological Response to Neo-Adjuvant Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients.

Neo-adjuvant therapy (NAT) is increasingly used in the clinic for the treatment of breast cancer (BC). Pathological response to NAT has been associated with improved patients' survival; however, the current techniques employed for assessing the tumor response have significant limitations. Small EVs (sEVs)-encapsulated miRNAs have emerged as promising new biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction.

The extracellular matrix alteration, implication in modulation of drug resistance mechanism: friends or foes?

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), having several important roles related to the hallmarks of cancer. In cancer, multiple components of the ECM have been shown to be altered. Although most of these alterations are represented by the increased or decreased quantity of the ECM components, changes regarding the functional alteration of a particular ECM component or of the ECM as a whole have been described.

Cellular and Molecular Profiling of Tumor Microenvironment and Early-Stage Lung Cancer.

Lung cancers are broadly divided into two categories: non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), which accounts for 80-85% of all cancer cases, and small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), which covers the remaining 10-15%. Recent advances in cancer biology and genomics research have allowed an in-depth characterization of lung cancers that have revealed new therapy targets (, , , and mutations) and have the potential of revealing even more biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, and targeted therapies. A new source of biomarkers is represented by non-coding RNAs, especially microRNAs (miRNAs).

Organ-On-A-Chip: A Survey of Technical Results and Problems.

Organ-on-a-chip (OoC), also known as micro physiological systems or "tissue chips" have attracted substantial interest in recent years due to their numerous applications, especially in precision medicine, drug development and screening. Organ-on-a-chip devices can replicate key aspects of human physiology, providing insights into the studied organ function and disease pathophysiology. Moreover, these can accurately be used in drug discovery for personalized medicine.

Focus on organoids: cooperation and interconnection with extracellular vesicles - Is this the future of in vitro modeling?

Organoids are simplified in vitro model systems of organs that are used for modeling tissue development and disease, drug screening, cell therapy, and personalized medicine. Despite considerable success in the design of organoids, challenges remain in achieving real-life applications. Organoids serve as unique and organized groups of micro physiological systems that are capable of self-renewal and self-organization.

The Future of Stem Cells and Their Derivates in the Treatment of Glaucoma. A Critical Point of View.

This review focuses on the clinical translation of preclinical studies, especially those that have used stem cells in the treatment of glaucoma, with an emphasis on optic nerve regeneration. The studies referred to in the review aim to treat optic nerve atrophy, while cell therapies targeting other sites in the eye, such as the trabecular meshwork, have not been addressed. Such complex and varied pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to glaucoma may explain the fact that although stem cells have a high capacity of neuronal regeneration, the treatments performed did not have the expected results and the promise offered by animal studies was not achieved.

SERS-Based Evaluation of the DNA Methylation Pattern Associated With Progression in Clonal Leukemogenesis of Down Syndrome.

Here we show that surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) analysis captures the relative hypomethylation of DNA from patients with acute leukemia associated with Down syndrome (AL-DS) compared with patients diagnosed with transient leukemia associated with Down syndrome (TL-DS), an information inferred from the area under the SERS band at 1005 cm attributed to 5-methycytosine. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of the area under the SERS band at 1005 cm yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.77 in differentiating between the AL-DS and TL-DS groups.

Salivary exosomal microRNAs as biomarkers for head and neck cancer detection-a literature review.

Background: MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, non-coding mRNA molecules which regulate cellular processes in tumorigenesis. miRs were discovered in extracellular environment and biological fluids, carrying marks of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). They were also identified in abundance in salivary exosomes, in which they are protected by exosome lipid barrier against enzymatic injuries and therefore, the accuracy of exosomal miR-based cancer detection increase.

Azacytidine plus olaparib for relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia, ineligible for intensive chemotherapy, diagnosed with a synchronous malignancy.

Patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), ineligible for intensive chemotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation, have a dismal prognosis. For such cases, hypomethylating agents are a viable alternative, but with limited success. Combination chemotherapy using a hypomethylating agent plus another drug would potentially bring forward new alternatives.

Hsa-miR-125b Therapeutic Role in Colon Cancer Is Dependent on the Mutation Status of the TP53 Gene.

Colon cancer is the third most common cancer type worldwide and is highly dependent on DNA mutations that progressively appear and accumulate in the normal colon epithelium. Mutations in the gene appear in approximately half of these patients and have significant implications in disease progression and response to therapy. miR-125b-5p is a controversial microRNA with a dual role in cancer that has been reported to target specifically in colon adenocarcinomas.

Implications of TET2 in CAR-T Cell Activity and Target Response to CAR-T Cell Therapy: Lessons Learned from T Cells.

Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy is a recent therapeutic addition to the field of oncology, the first one approved as represented by tisagenlecleucel followed shortly by approval of axicabtagene ciloleucel. Because this product is derived from T cells, there are several lessons that can be learned from T-cell biology to better understand CAR-T cells. Thus, in this review we discuss the effects that TET2 can have on T cells, macrophages interacting with T cells, and nonimmune cells.