Primary oral and sinonasal mucosal melanomas in Latin America: a systematic review.

Primary oral and sinonasal mucosal melanomas (POSNMMs) are aggressive neoplasms with limited therapeutic alternatives. The aim of this review was to characterize the demographic, clinical, immunohistochemical, and molecular information regarding these tumors in the Latin American population. Articles published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese (1990-2022) retrieved from the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, CAS, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Google Academic databases were included.

Clinicopathological and molecular approaches to the diagnosis of oral lesions in Mpox: Case report.

Mpox virus infection (MPXV) has recently been recognized as a public health emergency by the World Health Organization. While several studies have described the clinical characteristics of MPXV-oral lesions, there remains a dearth of information regarding the histological and ultrastructural oral findings. A 24-year-old HIV-positive man presented with a shallow ulcer, covered by a fibrinoid membrane, and surrounded by an erythematous halo in the hard and soft palate.

Oral cancer and precancer in Oral Pathology and Medicine curricula of Mexican dental schools.

Objective: To identify the teaching-learning process characteristics of Oral Pathology and Medicine (OP&M) related to oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral cancer (OC), in the dental schools' curricula in Mexico, to analyze the approach given to this topic worldwide, and to provide the possible solution strategies.

Materials And Methods: Questionnaires were sent to OP&M deans and professors from public Mexican Universities to explore the curriculum and academic profile of the dental schools. The recommendations gathered from a workshop with expert professors on the challenges in OPMD/OC teaching were reported.

Exposing the Great Imitator: Proposal for a Holistic Diagnosis of Oral Secondary Syphilis in People Living with HIV.

Oral secondary syphilis may mimic various infectious, neoplastic, or immune-mediated processes; hence, its diagnosis may represent a challenge. Early diagnosis of syphilis, a disease that has increased in recent decades, is essential for adequate management, particularly in people living with HIV (PLWH). This study aimed to comprehensively characterize oral secondary syphilis in a group of 47 PLWH.

Clinical manifestations and risk factors for oral immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in Mexico.

The immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a rare acute complication presenting in people living with HIV (PLWH) within the first 6 months of starting combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). While there is relevant information about its pathogenesis and clinical spectrum, IRIS-oral lesions (IRIS-OLs) have been scarcely described. Thus, to establish the incidence and clinical characteristics of IRIS-OLs, data from a cohort of 158 HIV individuals starting cART, followed for 6 months, were obtained retrospectively.

Viruses and oral diseases in HIV-infected individuals on long-term antiretroviral therapy: What are the risks and what are the mechanisms?

As a result of the extension of life span produced by increasing access to combined antiretroviral therapy, people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) face new challenges from comorbidities. Although advances in medical care for HIV infection have dramatically reduced opportunistic infections and AIDS-defining cancers, some non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADC) and specific oral diseases such as periodontitis and salivary gland disease are now more prevalent. Cancer prevention is, therefore, a priority issue in care of PLWH, stressing both restoration of immune function and reduction of non-HIV cancer risk factors (tobacco in all its forms; areca nut; heavy alcohol consumption; diets lacking antioxidant vitamins and minerals; and oncogenic virus infections) through specific interventions, especially tobacco and areca nut cessation and alcohol moderation.

The challenging diagnosis of overlapping oral primary/secondary syphilis with nonreactive serology.

The prevalence of oral syphilis, known as "the great imitator" because of its diagnostic complexity and varied clinical manifestations, is increasing worldwide, particularly in people living with HIV (PLWH), who could present false-negative serological results. Although some studies have described the variable presentation of oral syphilis in the context of HIV infection, the difficulty in distinguishing between the primary and secondary stages, clinically and histopathologically, underscores the need to describe atypical cases. We report the case of a 28-year-old HIV-positive man presenting with a 3-month history of painless white/red ulcerated lesion on the soft palate.

Impact of early recognition of potentially malignant oral disorders on the prognosis in people living with HIV.

Despite the success of combination antiretroviral therapies, people living with HIV (PLWH) are at an increased risk of developing diverse malignancies, including oral cancer. We here present two cases of PLWH where the early diagnosis of potentially malignant disorders in the oral cavity impacted their treatment and survival, remaining free of disease after their complete elimination. These cases demonstrate the importance of oral examinations and tissue biopsies as a part of the close monitoring of PLWH.

CD117 immunoexpression in oral and sinonasal mucosal melanoma does not correlate with somatic driver mutations in the MAPK pathway.

Background: Mutations on KIT and downstream genes of MAPK pathway that overstimulate cellular proliferation have been associated with primary oral and sinonasal melanomas (POSNM), but there is limited information that allows the use of personalized therapy. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine a possible association between the C-KIT immunohistochemical expression with the presence of somatic driver mutations in NRAS, BRAF, KIT, MITF and PTEN on POSNM.

Methods: A retrospective study included 62 tumour samples of an oncological reference centre in Mexico City (17-year period).

Human papillomavirus load in benign HPV-associated oral lesions from HIV/AIDS individuals.

Background: Although HPV emerged as a crucial carcinogenic and prognostic biomarker in head and neck cancer, and considering the increase in HPV-associated oral lesions (HPV-OLs) in HIV individuals, molecular information about HPV-OLs is scarce; thus, our aim was to determine viral loads in HPV-OLs from HIV/AIDS individuals.

Methods: HIV/AIDS subjects with HPV-OL were included in this cross-sectional study. Following informed consent, biopsies were obtained.

Type-specific persistence and clearance rates of HPV genotypes in the oral and oropharyngeal mucosa in an HIV/AIDS cohort.

Background: Oral high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infections are frequent and persistent among the HIV-positive population and are associated with an increased risk for head and neck cancer (HNC). In this study, we sought to determine the incidence, persistence and clearance of HPV infections in oral and oropharyngeal samples from HIV/AIDS subjects.

Methods: A longitudinal, observational and analytical study was performed with an ongoing cohort of HIV/AIDS subjects in Mexico City (September 2013-February 2015).

Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial evaluating doxycycline effects on chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis.

What Is Known And Objective: Chemotherapy (CT)-associated oral mucositis (OM) is one of the most debilitating and painful side effects in oncology patients, with limited effective management options. During CT, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are upregulated, causing damage in mucosal and submucosal tissues, and playing a key role in OM; therefore, the use of subantimicrobial doxycycline as a MMP inhibitor may represent a potential approach for OM management. The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of low doses of doxycycline in OM development in individuals with acute leukaemia (AL) during CT.

TNF as marker of oral candidiasis, HSV infection, and mucositis onset during chemotherapy in leukemia patients.

Objective: To assess changes in the salivary expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and TNF in acute leukemia (AL) patients before and during chemotherapy, and its association with HSV infection, oral candidiasis (OC), and oral mucositis (OM) onset.

Methods: Cohort study in AL patients >15 years starting induction chemotherapy at a Mexican oncological center (2013-2014). Onset of oral lesions (OLs) was assessed during follow-up, and saliva was obtained at baseline, at visit 2 (days 4-12), and at visit 3 (days 13-21) after chemotherapy, treated with a protease inhibitor and stored at -70°C.

The global burden of oral diseases in pediatric HIV-infected populations: a workshop report.

Objectives: To achieve a comprehensive understanding about the global burden of oral diseases in HIV-infected children and to identify research needs.

Materials And Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed (2009-2014) to address five questions: (i) prevalence of oral diseases in HIV-infected compared with uninfected children, (ii) impact of oral diseases on quality of life, (iii) effect of antiretroviral exposure in utero on craniofacial and dental development, (iv) important co-infections and antiretroviral complications, and (v) value of atraumatic restorative treatment.

Results: Studies showed a high prevalence of dental caries in HIV-infected children but the relationship between HIV infection and dental caries remains unclear.

Oral primary localized amyloidosis in HIV-infected patients: the oral face of a described skin lesion.

Oral primary localized amyloidosis should be considered in the diagnosis of oral white lesions such as hyperplastic candidosis, lichen planus and lichenoid reactions; it is not associated with antiretroviral therapy use, systemic involvement or malignant transformation.

Clinicopathological characterization of primary oral and sinonasal melanoma in a referral centre in Mexico City: 2000-2012.

In Mexico, there have been few studies on primary oral and sinonasal melanoma, an aggressive neoplasm with a low survival rate and few therapeutic alternatives. Further, there is limited information about its clinical and histopathological characteristics. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the clinicopathological profile of these tumours in patients attending a major oncology reference centre in Mexico City over a 12-year period.

Expression of PROX-1 in oral Kaposi's sarcoma spindle cells.

Background: The histogenesis of neoplastic spindle cells of Kaposi's sarcoma is still uncertain, but some studies consider it a lymphatic vessel differentiation. Prox-1 is a nuclear transcription factor that plays a major role during embryonic lymphangiogenesis, and it has been considered a specific and sensitive lymphatic endothelial cell marker. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of Prox-1 in oral Kaposi's sarcoma comparing the results with oral benign vascular tumors including capillary hemangiomas and pyogenic granulomas.

Urban legends series: oral manifestations of HIV infection.

Human immunodeficiency virus-related oral lesions (HIV-OLs), such as oral candidiasis (OC) and oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), have been recognized as indicators of immune suppression since the beginning of the global HIV epidemic. The diagnosis and management of HIV disease and spectrum of opportunistic infection has changed over the past 30 years as our understanding of the infection has evolved. We investigated the following controversial topics: (i) Are oral manifestations of HIV still relevant after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)? (ii) Can we nowadays still diagnose HIV infection through oral lesions? (iii) Is the actual classification of oral manifestations of HIV adequate or does it need to be reviewed and updated? (iv) Is there any novelty in the treatment of oral manifestations of HIV infection? Results from extensive literature review suggested the following: (i) While HAART has resulted in significant reductions in HIV-OLs, many are still seen in patients with HIV infection, with OC remaining the most common lesion.

HPV oral lesions in HIV-infected patients: the impact of long-term HAART.

Background: Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), an increase in the frequency of human papillomavirus-associated oral lesions (HPV-OL) has been observed. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with HPV-OL in Mexican HIV-infected patients, as well as its genotyping, in the HAART era.

Methods: In a cross-sectional study developed at an HIV/AIDS referral center in Mexico City, HIV-infected patients were consecutively included from 2004 to 2011.

Clinical Spectrum of Oral Secondary Syphilis in HIV-Infected Patients.

Background. Oral lesions may constitute the first clinical manifestation in secondary syphilis, but detailed descriptions in HIV-infected individuals are scarce. Objective.

hMLH1 promoter methylation is an early event in oral cancer.

Promoter methylation is believed to inactivate the expression of hMLH1. This process has been implicated in the tumorigenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the profile of hMLH1 methylation and protein expression in OSCC.