Methods for the Synthesis of Endohedral Fullerenes.

In the present manuscript the authors show the progress recorded regarding the main synthesis methods of metal endo-fullerenes. Shown, that nowadays, the most productive and common method of producing endohedral fullerenes is the electric arc process due to the fact that (a) it is simple enough to introduce atoms into the plasma from solids and gases; (b) its performance is the highest among other methods; (c) gives a wide range of produced types of metallofullerenes in an inert atmosphere-mono-, di-, tri-metalfullerenes, metal carbide clusters, in a reactive atmosphere (N₂, NH₃)-metal nitride and cyanide clusters, heterofullerenes; (d) provides the greatest energy potential, which is likely to allow the introduction into the cells of fullerene molecules metal atoms with higher ionization energies than titanium (≥7 eV). The yield of metal endofullerenes is substantially higher than the "empty" fullerenes.

Gadolinium Endofullerenes.

Fullerenes-A new combining atoms of carbon atoms into the molecule, which can serve as the parent and precursor of a whole class advanced organic compounds. Unsolved problems associated with a correct understanding of the structure, transformation, and behavior of the fullerene C molecule, make it impossible to interpret correctly many of its physicochemical properties. Fullerenes are a new compounds of carbon atoms into a molecule that can serve as the parent and precursor of the whole class of the newest organic compounds.