Primary prevention of depression: An umbrella review of controlled interventions.

Background: Primary prevention has the potential to modify the course of depression, but the consistency and magnitude of this effect are currently undetermined.

Methods: PRISMA and RIGHT compliant (PROSPERO:CRD42020179659) systematic meta-review, PubMed/Web of Science, up to June 2020. Meta-analyses of controlled interventions for the primary prevention of depressive symptoms [effect measures: standardized mean difference (SMD)] or depressive disorders [effect measure: relative risk (RR)] were carried out.