Unraveling the Versatility of Carbon Black - Polylactic Acid (CB/PLA) 3D-Printed Electrodes via Sustainable Electrochemical Activation.

Commercially available conductive filaments are not designed for electrochemical applications, resulting in 3D printed electrodes with poor electrochemical behavior, restricting their implementation in energy and sensing technologies. The proper selection of an activation method can unlock their use in advanced applications. In this work, rectangular electrodes made from carbon black - polylactic acid (CB/PLA) filament are 3D printed with different layouts (grid and compact) and then activated using a highly reproducible eco-compatible electrochemical (EC) treatment.

Sensitive riboflavin sensing using silver nanoparticles deposited onto screen-printed electrodes via controlled-energy spark discharges.

In this work, we elaborated the graphite screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) modification with metal nanoparticles formed as a result of spark discharges produced between a metal wire electrode and SPE that are connected to an Arduino board-based DC high voltage power supply. This sparking device allows, on the one hand, the toposelective formation of NPs of controlled dimensions through a direct and liquid-free approach, and on the other hand, controls the number and energy of the discharges delivered to the electrode surface during a single spark event. This way, the potential damage to the SPE surface by the action of heat evolved during the sparking process is considerably minimized compared with the standard setup in which each spark event consists of multiple electrical discharges.

Simultaneous determination of guanine and adenine in human saliva with graphite sparked screen-printed electrodes.

Saliva represents one of the most useful biological samples for non-invasive testing of health status and diseases prognosis and therefore, the development of advanced sensors enabling the determination of biomarkers in unspiked human whole saliva is of immense importance. Herein, we report on the development of a screen-printed graphite sensor modified with carbon nanomaterials generated by spark discharge for the determination of guanine and adenine in unspiked human whole saliva. The designed sensor was developed with a "green", extremely simple, fast (16 s), fully automated "linear mode" sparking process implemented with a 2D positioning device.