Rectal biopsies obtained with jumbo biopsy forceps in the evaluation of Hirschsprung disease.

Background And Aim: Refractory constipation is an extremely common problem in infants and children. The diagnostic suspicion of Hirschsprung disease often arises in this clinical setting. Diagnosing Hirschsprung disease can be difficult; however, excluding the diagnosis is much easier, only requiring the demonstration of ganglion cells in the distal rectum.

Perinatal detection of gallstones in siblings.

Infant and pediatric cholelithiases are well-recognized conditions, thought to be predisposed to by several factors. Fetal cholelithiasis by comparison is a rare finding, and little is known about the natural history and clinical significance of echogenic foci in the fetal gallbladder. The occurrence of fetal gallstones has not been reported among siblings.

Hybrid notes: incisionless intragastric stapled cystgastrostomy of a pancreatic pseudocyst.

Purpose: We present a case report of a novel hybrid natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). The operation performed was a transgastric cystgastrostomy with endoscopic guidance for a pancreatic pseudocyst. This operation was completed entirely through an existing gastrostomy site with no incisions, thus avoiding the peritoneal cavity.