TIMP1 Mediates Astrocyte-Dependent Local Immunosuppression in Brain Metastasis Acting on Infiltrating CD8+ T Cells.

Immunotherapies against brain metastases have shown clinical benefits when applied to asymptomatic patients, but they are largely ineffective in symptomatic cases for unknown reasons. Here, we dissect the heterogeneity in metastasis-associated astrocytes using single-cell RNA sequencing and report a population that blocks the antitumoral activity of infiltrating T cells. This protumoral activity is mediated by the secretion of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP1) from a cluster of pSTAT3+ astrocytes that acts on CD63+ CD8+ T cells to modulate their function.

Risk Factors, Radiological and Clinical Outcomes in Subclinical and Clinical Pituitary Apoplexy.

Background: Pituitary apoplexy (PA) can be symptomatic, namely acute apoplexy (APA), or asymptomatic or subclinical (SPA).

Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics and evolution of the patients with APA compared to SPA Patients and methods: Retrospective, longitudinal database analysis.

Results: We identified 58 patients with PA, and 37 accomplished the inclusion criteria (17 men, median age 47.