Three-Dimensional Bioprinting for Retinal Tissue Engineering.

Three-dimensional bioprinting (3DP) is transforming the field of regenerative medicine by enabling the precise fabrication of complex tissues, including the retina, a highly specialized and anatomically complex tissue. This review provides an overview of 3DP's principles, its multi-step process, and various bioprinting techniques, such as extrusion-, droplet-, and laser-based methods. Within the scope of biomimicry and biomimetics, emphasis is placed on how 3DP potentially enables the recreation of the retina's natural cellular environment, structural complexity, and biomechanical properties.

Cell Therapy for Retinal Degenerative Diseases: Progress and Prospects.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) are leading causes of vision loss, with AMD affecting older populations and RP being a rarer, genetically inherited condition. Both diseases result in progressive retinal degeneration, for which current treatments remain inadequate in advanced stages. This review aims to provide an overview of the retina's anatomy and physiology, elucidate the pathophysiology of AMD and RP, and evaluate emerging cell-based therapies for these conditions.

Retinal Prostheses: Engineering and Clinical Perspectives for Vision Restoration.

A retinal prosthesis, also known as a bionic eye, is a device that can be implanted to partially restore vision in patients with retinal diseases that have resulted in the loss of photoreceptors (e.g., age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa).

Retinitis Pigmentosa: Novel Therapeutic Targets and Drug Development.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous group of hereditary diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal photoreceptors leading to progressive visual decline. It is the most common type of inherited retinal dystrophy and has a high burden on both patients and society. This condition causes gradual loss of vision, with its typical manifestations including nyctalopia, concentric visual field loss, and ultimately bilateral central vision loss.

Refractive, visual, and subjective quality of vision outcomes for very high myopia LASIK from - 10.00 to - 13.50 diopters.

Background: To evaluate laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) outcomes, subjective quality of vision (QoV) and patient satisfaction in eyes with very high myopia (VHM) above - 10.00 diopters (D).

Methods: Consecutive myopic and myopic-astigmatism eyes with spherical equivalent (SEQ) ranging between - 10.

FOVEAL OUTER RETINAL HYPERREFLECTIVITY: A NOVEL OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FINDING IN IDIOPATHIC MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS.

Purpose: To describe three patients with idiopathic multifocal choroiditis (MFC) who showed foci of foveal outer retinal hyperreflectivity on optical coherence tomography.

Methods: Retrospective review of electronic health records and multimodal imaging from three patients with MFC.

Results: Three consecutive white patients with MFC (two male and one female) presented with unilateral foveal outer retinal hyperreflectivity in the eye with active MFC.

NOVEL APPROACH TO SCLERAL FIXATION OF A REPER INTRAOCULAR LENS AND ARTIFICIAL IRIS COMPLEX FOLLOWING PARS PLANA LENSECTOMY AND VITRECTOMY FOR ECTOPIA LENTIS AND CATARACT IN A PATIENT WITH ANIRIDIA AND NYSTAGMUS.

Purpose: Prosthetic iris devices have recently been used to improve cosmesis and reduce glare in aniridia. There is currently no consensus on which prosthetic iris device or which surgical approach is preferred for managing large iris defects.

Methods: A novel surgical approach with Gore-Tex polytetrafluoroethylene sutures was used to achieve scleral fixation of an intraocular lens and artificial iris complex in a 19-year-old Caucasian female patient with aniridia, nystagmus, cataracts, and ectopia lentis.

PARACENTRAL ACUTE MIDDLE MACULOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH IDIOPATHIC INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION.

Purpose: Paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) is a recently identified clinical entity with numerous retinal vascular and systemic associations. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of PAMM associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

Methods: A case is presented with multimodal imaging.

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE BESTROPHINOPATHY: MULTIMODAL IMAGING UPDATE.

Background: Autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy is part of the diverse spectrum of retinal diseases caused by mutations in the BEST1 gene.

Methods: A case report.

Results: We present a case that highlights the classic retinal findings of autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy with an emphasis on modern multimodal imaging.

Neovascularization of the iris in retinoschisis.

Purpose: To report the association of rubeosis iridis with chronic bullous degenerative peripheral retinoschisis.

Observations: A 63-year-old female presented with acute hyphema and neovascularization of the iris in association with elevated intraocular pressure. Posterior segment examination including imaging revealed no vascular occlusion as a potential cause.

Optical coherence tomography angiography of diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis.

Purpose: Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN) is often a challenging diagnosis to make. We present a DUSN case with its multimodal imaging to aid in the diagnosis, emphasizing the observations on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).

Observations: The evolution of a DUSN case is presented.

COMBINING EXTERNAL NEEDLE DRAINAGE AND SCLERAL BUCKLING WITH VITRECTOMY FOR THE REPAIR OF BULLOUS RETINAL DETACHMENTS.

Purpose: To describe a technique of combined scleral buckle with external needle drainage and vitrectomy in the treatment of bullous exudative retinal detachment, schisis detachment, or bullous retinoschisis threatening the fovea.

Methods: A retrospective chart review of four eyes of four patients who underwent the procedure described.

Results: Four eyes of four patients who underwent combined scleral buckling with external needle drainage and vitrectomy by a single surgeon for a bullous exudative retinal detachment, schisis detachment, or bullous retinoschisis threatening the fovea were included in this series.

IMMUNE RETINOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH NIVOLUMAB ADMINISTRATION FOR METASTATIC NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.

Purpose: To present a novel case of immune retinopathy associated with nivolumab therapy for non-small cell lung cancer.

Methods: Retrospective chart review.

Results: A 64-year-old woman presented with photoreceptor injury evidenced by hypoautofluorescent and hyperautofluorescent patches on fundus autofluorescence, loss of the ellipsoid zone on optical coherence tomography, and dysfunction of the rods and cones on electroretinogram.

TRANSTHYRETIN V30M FAMILIAL AMYLOIDOSIS PRESENTING AS ISOLATED RETINAL ANGIOPATHY.

Purpose: To describe a patient with confirmed transthyretin V30M form of familial amyloidosis who presented initially with isolated retinal angiopathy.

Methods: Retrospective chart review.

Results: A 66-year-old woman presented with bilateral retinal angiopathy.

ENLARGEMENT OF SCLEROCHOROIDAL CALCIFICATIONS: MULTIMODAL IMAGING UPDATE.

Purpose: To report the multimodal imaging and enlargement of sclerochoroidal calcifications over a 10-year period.

Methods: Case report of a 74-year-old white man who presented for routine follow-up and was found to have yellow chorioretinal lesions in the right eye.

Results: Multimodal imaging was performed and confirmed sclerochoroidal calcifications.

OPACIFICATION OF SCLERAL-SUTURED AKREOS AO60 INTRAOCULAR LENS AFTER VITRECTOMY WITH GAS TAMPONADE: CASE SERIES.

Background/purpose: We report the first two cases of postoperative opacification of scleral-sutured Akreos AO60 intraocular lens after vitrectomy with the gas tamponade.

Methods: Two patients with ectopia lentis underwent pars plana vitrectomy, pars plana lensectomy, and scleral fixation of an Akreos AO60 intraocular lens with Gore-Tex suture. Retinal breaks were noted during vitrectomy and consequently intravitreal gas tamponade was used after endolaser retinopexy.