The temporal trend and disparity in short-term health impacts of fine particulate matter in California (2006-2019).

Most epidemiological studies assume that the relationship between short-term air pollution exposure and health outcomes is constant over time, which ignores potential changes in population composition and particulate matter emission sources. Limited studies have assessed changes in the relationship between fine particulate matter (PM) and adverse health outcomes over time, with mixed results. Additionally, there is a need to identify which subgroups are disproportionately impacted over time by PM-related health consequences.

Is home where the heat is? comparing residence-based with mobility-based measures of heat exposure in San Diego, California.

Background: Heat can vary spatially within an urban area. Individual-level heat exposure may thus depend on an individual's day-to-day travel patterns (also called mobility patterns or activity space), yet heat exposure is commonly measured based on place of residence.

Objective: In this study, we compared measures assessing exposure to two heat indicators using place of residence with those defined considering participants' day-to-day mobility patterns.

Simulating the impact of greenspace exposure on metabolic biomarkers in a diverse population living in San Diego, California: A g-computation application.

Introduction: Growing evidence exists that greenspace exposure can reduce metabolic syndrome risk, a growing public health concern with well-documented inequities across population subgroups. We capitalize on the use of g-computation to simulate the influence of multiple possible interventions on residential greenspace on nine metabolic biomarkers and metabolic syndrome in adults (N = 555) from the 2014-2017 Community of Mine Study living in San Diego County, California.

Methods: Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) exposure from 2017 was averaged across a 400-m buffer around the participants' residential addresses.

The spatial distribution of heat related hospitalizations and classification of the most dangerous heat events in California at a small-scale level.

Many studies have explored the impact of extreme heat on health, but few have investigated localized heat-health outcomes across a wide area. We examined fine-scale variability in vulnerable areas, considering population distribution, local weather, and landscape characteristics. Using 36 different heat event definitions, we identified the most dangerous types of heat events based on minimum, maximum, and diurnal temperatures with varying thresholds and durations.

Disparities in the impact of heat wave definitions on emergency department visits during the first year of life among preterm and full-term infants in California.

Introduction: Heat waves will be aggravated due to climate change, making this a critical public health threat. However, heat wave definitions to activate alert systems can be ambiguous, highlighting the need to assess a range of definitions to identify those that contribute to the most adverse health outcomes. Additionally, children are highly susceptible to the impacts of heat waves, especially infants, despite the lack of focus on this subpopulation.

Examining the Relationship Between Extreme Temperature, Microclimate Indicators, and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnant Women Living in Southern California.

Unlabelled: Few studies have assessed extreme temperatures' impact on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We examined the relation between GDM risk with weekly exposure to extreme high and low temperatures during the first 24 weeks of gestation and assessed potential effect modification by microclimate indicators.

Methods: We utilized 2008-2018 data for pregnant women from Kaiser Permanente Southern California electronic health records.

The role of the California tier system in controlling population mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Policies to restrict population mobility are a commonly used strategy to limit the transmission of contagious diseases. Among measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic were dynamic stay-at-home orders informed by real-time, regional-level data. California was the first state in the U.

Exposure to Air Pollution and Emergency Department Visits During the First Year of Life Among Preterm and Full-term Infants.

Importance: Previous studies have focused on exposure to fine particulate matter 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM2.5) and on birth outcome risks; however, few studies have evaluated the health consequences of PM2.

A Longitudinal Study on the Impact of Indoor Temperature on Heat-Related Symptoms in Older Adults Living in Non-Air-Conditioned Households.

Background: Both chronic and acute heat result in a substantial health burden globally, causing particular concern for at-risk populations, such as older adults. Outdoor temperatures are often assessed as the exposure and are used for heat warning systems despite individuals spending most of their time indoors. Many studies use ecological designs, with death or hospitalizations rates.

Quantitative methods for climate change and mental health research: current trends and future directions.

The quantitative literature on climate change and mental health is growing rapidly. However, the methodological quality of the evidence is heterogeneous, and there is scope for methodological improvement and innovation. The first section of this Personal View provides a snapshot of current methodological trends and issues in the quantitative literature on climate change and mental health, drawing on literature collected through a previous scoping review.

The Formation of Belief: An Examination of Factors That Influence Climate Change Belief Among Hurricane Katrina Survivors.

Differences in population-level climate change beliefs have been identified, which are often attributable to coastline proximity, urban-rural classifications, race, ethnicity, political affiliation, gender, education, socioeconomic status, and age. This study assessed the impact of spatial, experiential, and demographic-related characteristics on climate change beliefs among a population of Hurricane Katrina survivors. Participants from the Gulf Coast Child and Family Health Study who answered climate change belief questions were included in this analysis.

The identification of the endogenous ligands of natural killer T cells reveals the presence of mammalian α-linked glycosylceramides.

Glycosylceramides in mammalian species are thought to be present in the form of β-anomers. This conclusion was reinforced by the identification of only one glucosylceramide and one galactosylceramide synthase, both β-transferases, in mammalian genomes. Thus, the possibility that small amounts of α-anomers could be produced by an alternative enzymatic pathway, by an unfaithful enzyme, or spontaneously in unusual cellular compartments has not been examined in detail.