strains from donor human milk and hospital environment: uncovering a putative common origin using comparative analysis of toxin and infra-red spectroscopy profiles.

is reported as a common cause of toxin-induced food poisoning and of contamination in pasteurized human milk donations. As various toxins can be produced by , the aim of this work was first to investigate the toxigenic potential and profiles of 63 isolates from Amiens Picardie human milk bank. A comparison to the toxigenic profiles of 27 environmental isolates harvested in the hospital in which this human milk bank is situated was performed.

Evidence of trophic transfer of microcystins from the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis to the fish Gasterosteus aculeatus.

According to our previous results the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis exposed to MC-producing cyanobacteria accumulates microcystins (MCs) both as free and covalently bound forms in its tissues, therefore representing a potential risk of MC transfer through the food web. This study demonstrates in a laboratory experiment the transfer of free and bound MCs from L. stagnalis intoxicated by MC-producing Planktothrix agardhii ingestion to the fish Gasterosteus aculeatus.