Thermal tolerance of the rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea and its parasitoids: Effect of low temperatures on some fitness activities of Aphidius matricariae.

Understanding the thermal tolerance of insect herbivores and their natural enemies is crucial for biological control programs. The rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea is one of the most problematic pests of apple orchards, causing economic losses of up to 30% due to damage to fruits. Dysaphis plantaginea is highly adapted to low temperature, enabling it to appear early in the season.