Cellular plasticity and non-small cell lung cancer: role of T and NK cell immune evasion and acquisition of resistance to immunotherapies.

Lung cancer is a leading global cause of mortality, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for a significant portion of cases. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed NSCLC treatment; however, many patients remain unresponsive. ICI resistance in NSCLC and its association with cellular plasticity, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), enhanced adaptability, invasiveness, and resistance is largely influenced by epigenetic changes, signaling pathways, tumor microenvironment, and associated immune cells, fibroblasts, and cytokines.

Reprogramming the tumor microenvironment - macrophages emerge as key players in breast cancer immunotherapy.

Breast cancer has the highest global incidence among all cancers, affecting more than 2 million individuals annually. Despite the availability of new drugs and novel treatment combinations, it is postulated that the incidence and mortality of breast cancer will rise by 40.8% and 51.

Next Generation Stem Cells and their Implications in Cancer Therapy.

Stem cells have been implicated for decades in the treatment of hematological malignancies. These cells when isolated from the bone marrow, adipose tissue, or foetal tissue are deemed as the first generation of stem cells. The turn of the century saw the discovery of the second generation of stem cells such as the human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) and induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs).