Dietary intake of tyrosine and phenylalanine, and p-cresyl sulfate plasma levels in non-dialyzed patients with chronic kidney disease.

Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) present an imbalance of the gut microbiota composition, leading to increased production of uremic toxins like p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), product from bacterial fermentation of the amino acids tyrosine (Tyr) and phenylalanine (Phe) from the diet. Thus, diet may be a determinant in the uremic toxins levels produced by the gut microbiota. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible relationship between Tyr and Phe intake and PCS plasma levels in non-dialysis CKD patients.

Effects of Low Protein Diet on Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Gene Expression in Nondialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients.

Objective(s): Low protein diets (LPD; 0.6 g/kg/day), prescribed for nondialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, have demonstrated numerous benefits. LPDs may modulate inflammation and oxidative stress through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which encodes antioxidant and phase II detoxifying enzymes.

Effects of Low-Protein Diet on lipid and anthropometric profiles of patients with chronic kidney disease on conservative management.

Introduction: Chronic Kidney disease (CKD) patients have a high prevalence of cardiovascular mortality, and among the risk factors are dyslipidemia and obesity, common findings in the early stages of CKD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low protein diet (LPD) on the lipid and anthropometric profile in non-dialysis CKD patients.

Methods: Forty CKD patients were studied (20 men, 62.

Does Low-Protein Diet Influence the Uremic Toxin Serum Levels From the Gut Microbiota in Nondialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients?

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of low-protein diet (LPD) on uremic toxins and the gut microbiota profile in nondialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.

Design And Methods: Longitudinal study with 30 nondialysis CKD patients (stage 3-4) undergoing LPD for 6 months. Adherence to the diet was evaluated based on the calculation of protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance from the 24-hour urine analysis.

Red meat intake in chronic kidney disease patients: Two sides of the coin.

Red meat is an important dietary source of high biological value protein and micronutrients such as vitamins, iron, and zinc that exert many beneficial functions. However, high consumption of animal protein sources, especially red meat, results in an increased intake of saturated fat, cholesterol, iron, and salt, as well as an excessive acid load. Red meat intake may lead to an elevated production of uremic toxins by the gut microbiota, such as trimethylamine n-oxide (TMAO), indoxyl sulfate, and p-cresyl sulfate.

Effects of Uremic Toxins from the Gut Microbiota on Bone: A Brief Look at Chronic Kidney Disease.

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently have mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) that are caused by several mechanisms. Recent research has suggested that uremic toxins from the gut such as p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) and indoxyl sulfate (IS) could also be involved in the development of bone disease in patients with CKD. IS and PCS are produced by microbiota in the gut, carried into the plasma bound to serum albumin, and are normally excreted into the urine.