Immunometabolic reprogramming in macrophages infected with active and dormant : differential modulation of respiration, glycolysis, and fatty acid utilization.

Dormancy is an adaptation in which cells reduce their metabolism, transcription, and translation to stay alive under stressful conditions, preserving the capacity to reactivate once the environment reverts to favorable conditions. Dormancy and reactivation of () are closely linked to intracellular residency within macrophages. Our previous work showed that murine macrophages rely on the viable but not cultivable (VBNC-a dormancy phenotype) fungus from active , with striking differences in immunometabolic gene expression.

Optimizing Contraceptive Prescription in Smoking Women: A Quality Improvement Study.

Introduction Family planning is fundamental in primary care (PC), and informed counseling helps to guide contraceptive choices. Combined hormonal contraceptives (CHC) pose cardiovascular risks, particularly when combined with smoking. According to the World Health Organization, the recommended global clinical decision is to refrain from employing CHC in female smokers aged 35 or older.

Methodology for assessing pipeline failure probability due to a debris flow in the near field.

Aboveground transmission oil pipelines can cross debris flow-prone areas. Currently, there are no available methodologies to assess pipeline failure status with the different pipeline arrangements (location, direction, and segment lengths) and different operating conditions. For solving the research gap, this study proposes a novel methodology to simulate the cascade processes of debris flow propagation, the impact of debris flow on pipelines, and pipeline failure.

[The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Healthcare System and on the Mental Health of Primary Health Care Providers].

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic forced the reorganization of primary health care services. The aim of this study was to describe how the health services responded to organizational requests; how the health services involved and supported their employees; how professionals perceived their involvement in the procedures and what support was provided to them. Additions aims included assessing the levels of anxiety and depression of professionals and their association with the perceived support, availability of personal protective equipment and involvement in pandemic-related tasks.

Brain Permeable AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activator R481 Raises Glycaemia by Autonomic Nervous System Activation and Amplifies the Counterregulatory Response to Hypoglycaemia in Rats.

Aim: We evaluated the efficacy of a novel brain permeable "metformin-like" AMP-activated protein kinase activator, R481, in regulating glucose homeostasis.

Materials And Methods: We used glucose sensing hypothalamic GT1-7 neuronal cells and pancreatic αTC1.9 α-cells to examine the effect of R481 on AMPK pathway activation and cellular metabolism.

Determinants of the Use of Health and Fitness Mobile Apps by Patients With Asthma: Secondary Analysis of Observational Studies.

Background: Health and fitness apps have potential benefits to improve self-management and disease control among patients with asthma. However, inconsistent use rates have been reported across studies, regions, and health systems. A better understanding of the characteristics of users and nonusers is critical to design solutions that are effectively integrated in patients' daily lives, and to ensure that these equitably reach out to different groups of patients, thus improving rather than entrenching health inequities.

Brain-Body Control of Glucose Homeostasis-Insights From Model Organisms.

Tight regulation of blood glucose is essential for long term health. Blood glucose levels are defended by the correct function of, and communication between, internal organs including the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, and brain. Critically, the brain is sensitive to acute changes in blood glucose level and can modulate peripheral processes to defend against these deviations.

Extracellular ATP Increases Glucose Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle Cells in a P2 Receptor Dependent Manner but Does Not Contribute to Palmitate-Induced Insulin Resistance.

Saturated fatty acids such as palmitate contribute to the development of Type 2 Diabetes by reducing insulin sensitivity, increasing inflammation and potentially contributing to anabolic resistance. We hypothesized that palmitate-induced ATP release from skeletal muscle cells may increase inflammatory cytokine production and contribute to insulin/anabolic resistance in an autocrine/paracrine manner. In C2C12 myotubes differentiated at physiological glucose concentrations (5.

The Impact of Disuse and High-Fat Overfeeding on Forearm Muscle Amino Acid Metabolism in Humans.

Context: Anabolic resistance is mechanistically implicated in muscle disuse atrophy.

Objective: The objective of this study is to assess whether anabolic resistance is associated with reduced postprandial amino acid uptake or exacerbated by excess lipid availability.

Design, Setting, Participants, And Interventions: Twenty men underwent 7 days of forearm immobilization while consuming a eucaloric (CON; n = 11) or high-fat overfeeding (HFD; n = 9; 50% excess energy as fat) diet (parallel design) within our Nutritional Physiology Research Unit.

High-fat Overfeeding Does Not Exacerbate Rapid Changes in Forearm Glucose and Fatty Acid Balance During Immobilization.

Context: Physical inactivity and high-fat overfeeding have been shown to independently induce insulin resistance.

Objective: Establish the contribution of muscle disuse and lipid availability to the development of inactivity-induced insulin resistance.

Design, Setting, Participants, And Interventions: 20 healthy males underwent 7 days of forearm cast immobilization combined with a fully controlled eucaloric diet (n = 10, age 23 ± 2 yr, body mass index [BMI] 23.

Gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and gestational weight gain as risk factors for increased fat mass in Brazilian newborns.

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication of pregnancy. It may predispose offspring to increased fat mass (FM) and the development of obesity, however few data from Latin America exist.

Objective: To investigate the influence of GDM on newborn FM in mother-newborn pairs recruited from a public maternity care center in São Paulo, Brazil.

Eating disorders-Related hospitalizations in Portugal: A nationwide study from 2000 to 2014.

Introduction: Recent evidence suggests that incidence of Anorexia nervosa (AN) has remained stable over the last decades in Western Europe, while decreasing for Bulimia nervosa (BN). It is well-known that most individuals with an ED (Eating disorder) do not seek medical treatment.

Objective: The present study analyses hospitalizations related with EDs held in mainland Portuguese public hospitals between 2000 and 2014.

Controlling Nerve Growth with an Electric Field Induced Indirectly in Transparent Conductive Substrate Materials.

Innovative neurostimulation therapies require improved electrode materials, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) polymers or IrO mixed ionic-electronic conductors and better understanding of how their electrochemistry influences nerve growth. Amphibian neurons growing on transparent films of electronic (metal) conductors and electronic-ionic conductors (polymers and semiconducting oxides) are monitored. Materials are not connected directly to the power supply, but a dipole is created wirelessly within them by electrodes connected to the culture medium in which they are immersed.

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator A-769662 increases intracellular calcium and ATP release from astrocytes in an AMPK-independent manner.

Aim: To test the hypothesis that, given the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in regulating intracellular ATP levels, AMPK may alter ATP release from astrocytes, the main sources of extracellular ATP (eATP) within the brain.

Materials And Methods: Measurements of ATP release were made from human U373 astrocytoma cells, primary mouse hypothalamic (HTAS) and cortical astrocytes (CRTAS) and wild-type and AMPK α1/α2 null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Cells were treated with drugs known to modulate AMPK activity: A-769662, AICAR and metformin, for up to 3 hours.

Asthma control, quality of life, and the role of patient enablement: a cross-sectional observational study.

Background: Self-assessment of asthma and a stronger doctor-patient relationship can improve asthma outcomes. Evidence for the influence of patient enablement on quality of life and the control of asthma is lacking.

Aims: To assess asthma severity, medication use, asthma control, and patient enablement in patients with asthma treated in primary care and to study the relationship between these variables and quality of life.

Analysis of hazardous material releases due to natural hazards in the United States.

Natural hazards were the cause of approximately 16,600 hazardous material (hazmat) releases reported to the National Response Center (NRC) between 1990 and 2008-three per cent of all reported hazmat releases. Rain-induced releases were most numerous (26 per cent of the total), followed by those associated with hurricanes (20 per cent), many of which resulted from major episodes in 2005 and 2008. Winds, storms or other weather-related phenomena were responsible for another 25 per cent of hazmat releases.

[An inter-sector participatory strategy in Cuba using an ecosystem approach to prevent dengue transmission at the local level].

Cuba is located among a group of countries with high dengue incidence. Following several epidemics in the last 10 years, the country designed, implemented, and evaluated a participatory strategy based on the Ecohealth approach. The aim was to promote inter-sector ecosystem management to decrease Aedes aegypti infestation and prevent dengue transmission in the municipality of Cotorro, in Havana city.

[Risk factors for Giardia lamblia infection in children in daycare centers in Havana, Cuba].

We conducted a longitudinal study on giardiasis in three daycare centers in Havana City for a period of 18 months and described a group of children with a "predisposition" or tendency towards re-infection with Giardia lamblia. This group was found to be more frequently associated with clinical symptoms such as diarrhea. A case-control study was designed to determine whether socioeconomic factors and hygiene were associated with this phenomenon.